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Ani ng Sining: The Philippine Arts Festival

ani ng sining
Ani ng Sining: The Philippine Arts Festival | NCCA

Check out the Calendar of Events for the Ani ng Sining: The Philippine Arts Festival 2019! Happy National Arts Month! Halina’t maki-sining!

January

January 1 – Musikapuluan Visayas
Dumaguete (Siliman University)

January 31 – Press Conference
(Bago City)

February

February 1 – Visayas Opening Ceremony
Bago City Municipal Grounds

Musikapuluan Visayas
Catbalogan Samar

February 1-2 – Sayaw Pinoy
Negros Occidental

February 3 – NCR Opening Ceremony
(Lucky China Town, Binondo)

Sayaw Pinoy
Negros Occidental

Concert at the Park
(Open Air Auditorium, Rizal Park)

Resorts World

February 4 – Sayaw Pinoy
Negros Occidental

Paglulunsad ng Buwan ng Sining
(BulacanArt 2019)

February 8-27 – Galing Bulakenyo
(BulakanArt 2019)

February 10 – Sayaw Pinoy at Concert at the Park
(Open Air Auditorium, Rizal Park)

February 11 – Luzon Celebration
Bagac, Bataan Municipal Grounds

February 11-14 – Philippine Visual Arts Festival 2019
Manila

February 15 – Musikapuluan Visayas
Catbalogan Samar

Mindanao Opening Ceremony
Koronadal City

Sayaw Pinoy
BulacanArt 2019

February 17 – Sayaw Pinoy at Concert at the Park
Open Air Auditorium, Rizal Park

February 18-21 – NAM Celebration
San Jose, Antique

February 22 – Konsierto sa HBBB
BulacanArt 2019

February 22-23 – Sayaw Pinoy
Pagadian, Zamboanga

Loob at Labas (Architecture and Allied Arts Exhibit and Lecture
Angeles City

Update (2022)

Halina’t Maki-Sining!

With this year’s theme (2022)“ANI NG SINING, BUNGA NG GALING,” the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) leads the celebration of National Arts Month (NAM) this February and March with various exciting face-to-face and online activities. Said theme aims to immerse Filipinos in diverse cultural expressions and celebrate the bountiful harvest from the Filipino imagination.

The theme “galing” refers to excellence in the arts as both a source of bounty despite challenging times and a product of the passion of Filipino artists and cultural workers. In celebrating National Arts Month in 2023, “galing” alludes to artistic excellence as well as underscoring the capacity of the arts to heal, rebuild, and restore in a post-pandemic setting.

Promulgated by then President Corazon Aquino in 1991, Presidential Proclamation No. 683 declared February of every year as National Arts. Month to celebrate artistic excellence and pay tribute to the uniqueness and diversity of Filipino heritage and culture.

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Architect Licensure Examination Results

On
January 2020 Architect Licensure Examination Results

The Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) announces that 1,242 out of 2,229 passed the Architect Licensure Examination (ALE) given by the Board of Architecture headed by its Chairman, Arch. Robert S. Sac and board member, Arch. Robert M. Mirafuente. The examination was held in Manila, Baguio, Cebu, Davao, Legazpi, and Zamboanga last January 24 and January 26, 2020. 
The results were released in three (3) working days after the last day of examination.

94 Architecture schools participated in this examination. Far Eastern University in Manila has the most number of examinees with 138 followed by the University of Santo Tomas with 108.

From February 17 to February 21, 2020, registration for the issuance of Professional Identification Card (ID) and Certificate of Registration will be done on-line.  Please go to www.prc.gov.ph and follow instructions for initial registration.  Those who will register are required to bring the following: downloaded duly accomplished Oath Form or Panunumpa ng Propesyonal, notice of admission (for identification only), 2 pieces passport sized pictures (colored with white background and complete name tag), 2 sets of documentary stamps and 1 piece short brown envelope.  Successful examinees should personally register and sign in the Roster of Registered Professionals.


The date and venue for the mass oathtaking of the successful examinees in the said licensure examination WILL BE ANNOUNCED LATER.


June 2019 Architect Licensure Examination Results

The Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) announces that 2,104 out of 3,172 passed the Architect Licensure Examination (ALE) given by the Board of Architecture headed by its Chairman, Arch. Robert S. Sac and board member, Arch. Robert M. Mirafuente. The examination was held in Manila, Baguio, Cebu, Davao, Legazpi, and Zamboanga last June 28 and 30, 2019. 

The results were released in four (4) working days after the last day of examination.

From July 24 to July 30, 2019, registration for the issuance of Professional Identification Card (ID) and Certificate of Registration will be done on-line.  Please go to https://online.prc.gov.ph/ and follow instructions for initial registration.  Those who will register are required to bring the following: downloaded duly accomplished Oath Form or Panunumpa ng Propesyonal, notice of admission (for identification only), 2 pieces passport sized pictures (colored with white background and complete name tag), 2 sets of documentary stamps and 1 piece short brown envelope.  Successful examinees should personally register and sign in the Roster of Registered Professionals.


The date and venue for the mass oathtaking of the successful examinees in the said licensure examination WILL BE ANNOUNCED LATER.

Related:



January 2019 Architect Licensure Examination Results Released 

The Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) announces that 1,120 out of 1,990 passed the Architect Licensure Examination (ALE) given by the Board of Architecture headed by its Chairman, Arch. Robert S. Sac and board member, Arch. Robert M. Mirafuente. The examination was held in Manila, Baguio, Cebu, Davao, Legazpi and Zamboanga last January 25 and 27, 2019. 

The results were released in three (3) working days after the last day of examination.

From February 14 to February 20, 2019, registration for the issuance of Professional Identification Card (ID) and Certificate of Registration will be done on-line.  Please go to www.prc.gov.ph and follow instructions for initial registration.  Those who will register are required to bring the following: downloaded duly accomplished Oath Form or Panunumpa ng Propesyonal, notice of admission (for identification only), 2 pieces passport sized pictures (colored with white background and complete name tag), 2 sets of documentary stamps and 1 piece short brown envelope.  Successful examinees should personally register and sign in the Roster of Registered Professionals.


The date and venue for the mass oathtaking of the successful examinees in the said licensure examination WILL BE ANNOUNCED LATER.

View the list of successful examinees
View the names of the top ten examinees
View the top performing architect schools

Architect Licensure Examination Top Performing Schools

On

January 2020 Architect Licensure Examination Top-performing Schools

The top-performing schools in the January 2020 Architect Licensure Examination as per commission
resolution no.2017-1058(C) series of 2017: are the following:

With 50 or more examinees and with at least 80% passing percentage.

No.1 University of Santo Tomas
         Total Number of Examinees: 108
         Total Number Passed: 92
         Passing Percentage: 85.19%

No.2 Mapua University
         Total Number of Examinees: 51
         Total Number Passed: 41
         Passing Percentage: 80.39%

Related:

June 2019 Architect Licensure Examination Top Performing Schools

The top-performing schools in the June 2019 Architect Licensure Examination as per commission
resolution no.2017-1058(C) series of 2017: are the following:

With 50 or more examinees and with at least 80% passing percentage.

No. 1 University of Santo Tomas 
          Total Number of Examinees: 210
          Total Number Passed: 195
          Passing Percentage: 92.86%

No.2 University of San Carlos
     Total Number of Examinees: 97
     Total Number Passed: 87
     Passing Percentage: 89.69%

No.3 De La Salle University - College of Saint Benilde
         Total Number of Examinees: 55
         Total Number Passed: 47
         Passing Percentage: 85.45%

No.4 Saint Louis University
         Total Number of Examinees: 149
         Total Number Passed: 126
         Passing Percentage: 84.56%

No.5 Technological University of the Philippines - Manila
         Total Number of Examinees: 51
         Total Number Passed: 43
         Passing Percentage: 84.31%

No.6 Polytechnic University of the Philippines - Main-Sta.Mesa
         Total Number of Examinees: 68
         Total Number Passed: 57
         Passing Percentage: 83.82%

Related:
      

January 2019 Architect Licensure Examination Top Performing Schools

The top-performing school in the January 2019 Architect Licensure Examination as per Commission Resolution No. 2010-547 series of 2010:

WITH 50 OR MORE EXAMINEES AND WITH AT LEAST 80% PASSING PERCENTAGE

No.1 Mapua University (formerly MIT)
         Total Number of Examinees - 51
         Total Number passed - 43
         Percentage Passed - 84.31%

View the list of those who passed
View the top 10 examinees

Architect Licensure Examination Top 10 Examinees

On

January 2020 Architect Licensure Examination Top 10 Examinees

The successful examinees who garnered the ten (10) highest places in the January 2020 Architect Licensure Examination are the following:

1st Place: Rhicel Gonzales Sapasap 84%
                Saint Louis University - Baguio City

 2nd Place: Megan Joyce Herrera Cruz 83.20%
                   UP-Diliman

                   Denzel Lance Leon Dantis 83.20%
                   Mapua University

3rd Place: Karsten Arco Asuque 83%
                 Adamson University

4th Place: Austin Carl Sugui Equipaje 82.90%
                 University of Santo Tomas

5th Place: Charimae Dano Budiongan 82.60%
                 University of San Carlos

6th Place: Jertz Ken Glinoga Brillon 82.50%
                 UP-Diliman

7th Place: Jeremiah Cerdena Jacobo 82.00%
                 Technological Institute of the Philippines-Quezon City

                 Krizia Mae Domingo Marzan 82.00%
                 Far Eastern University-Manila

8th Place: Edith Joy Pialago Supat 81.90%
                 Silliman University

9th Place: Maria Regina Victoria Morada Polotan 81.80%
                 University of Santo Tomas

10th Place: Jenny Ngala Diwayan 81.70%
                   University of Baguio

Related:

June 2019 Architect Licensure Examination Top 10 Examinees

The successful examinees who garnered the ten (10) highest places in the June 2019 Architect Licensure Examination are the following:

1st Place: John Vincent Rojo Lopez 84.90%
                Eulogio (Amang) Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology

2nd Place: Ben John Canonigo Lazo 84.50%
                  University of Pangasinan

3rd Place: Jillianne Salinas Espinosa 84.30%
                 University of Santo Tomas

                 Marc Chialor Bance Orgado 84.30%
                 University of Santo Tomas

4th Place: Audrey Eunice Diola Rillorta 83.90%
                 Saint Louis University

5th Place: Miko Angelo De Jesus Balverde 83.30%
                 Far Eastern University-Manila

                 Joevince Neil Sanchez Gacus 83.30%
                 University of Mindanao-Davao City

                 Redentor Lobo Mirano Jr. 83.30%
                 Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University

6th Place: Grace Evangeline  Magangat Piaga 83.10%
                 Saint Louis University

7th Place: Jennica Presilda Curato 83%
                 University of San Carlos

                 Paulo Zabala David 83%
                 University of Santo Tomas

8th Place: Criselle Ong Chua 82.90%
                 University of Santo Tomas

                Neil Judd Caldit Consuelo 82.90%
                Bicol University-Legazpi

9th Place: Joseph Marie Dayupay Fantonial 82.80%
                 Cebu Institute of Technology University

10th Place: Frank Lloyd Palaganas Tulagan 82.70%
                  Saint Louis University

                  Ethan Bryce Cromente Zerna 82.70%
                  University of Mindanao-Davao City


Related:



January 2019 Architect Licensure Examination Top 10 Examinees

The successful examinees who garnered the ten (10) highest places in the January 2019 Architect Licensure Examination are the following:


1st Place - JUSTIN LEI GERMINO RAMOS
                  CEBU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY - UNIVERSITY 83.80

2nd Place - CARLO MARTIN LOVETE LLANTO
                  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES-DILIMAN 83.50

                  CHRISTINA MARIE REAMICO RELUCIO
                  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES-MANILA 83.50

3rd Place - ANGELO EZEKIEL PALLORINA NUESTRO
                  DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY-COLLEGE OF SAINT BENILDE 83.40

4th Place - GENNA AINA GAPUSAN DOMINGO
                  MAPUA UNIVERSITY (FOR. M.I.T.) - MANILA 83.00

5th Place - SOFIA MARGA VALLEGA SILOT
                  UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO-DAVAO CITY 82.30

6th Place - ULYSSES EDUARDO BALDO DE GUIA JR
                  MAPUA UNIVERSITY (FOR. M.I.T.) - MANILA 82.00

7th Place - IVAN LESTER LEAÑO
                  TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES-MANILA 81.80

8th Place - MARLON CAPISTRANO GAMILONG
                  TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES-MANILA 81.70

                  KIM MARK ANTHONY TALICTIC REVOTE
                  UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO-DAVAO CITY 81.70

9th Place - NOEL TIZON AMOR JR
                  UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO-DAVAO CITY 81.60

10th Place -  EMMANUEL JOSEMARIE REYES TERUEL

View the complete list of successful examinees
View the top performing architect school

National Bible Day | RA 11163

national bible day
National Bible Day | RA 11163 | PIA

The last Monday of January of every year has been declared as a special working holiday in observance of the National Bible Day to emphasize the state’s policy that the government shall aid and encourage the development of the people’s moral character and spiritual foundation.

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Tamsi (Olive-backed Sunbird)

tamsi
Tamsi (Olive-backed Sunbird) | Image Credit: Jojo Duenas | Lahi Philippines

Have you seen a Tamsi or Olive-backed Sunbird?

Tamsi is a small skittish bird that has a very distinct long, thin beak that it uses to sip nectar from flowers. Its back is a uniform olive color while its body is yellow. The male Olive-backed Sunbird has a beautiful metallic purple throat which differentiates it from the female. They can be seen fluttering around flowering plants such as heliconias and gumamela, calling “swit-swit-swit.” (ebonph)

In some parts of the Philippines, Olive-Backed Sunbird is called Pipit-Puso and Tseweet. In Malaysia, this bird is called “kelicap”.

The Olive-Backed Sunbird is a species of sunbird common across China, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Australia.(philippinebirdblog)

It is commonly seen in the Metro Manila area, In Baguio City, and other parts of the country.

Tamsi is a small songbird with a long thin bill and feeds mostly on nectar, and insects when feeding their young. It also loves the juicy fruit of the mulberry tree and calls out with low whistles while perched on twigs. Sunbirds belong to the Old World passerine birds which are small birds, at most 11 -12 cm long.

The males have a diagnostic blue throat and breast, a feature missing in the females.

They have high-pitched chirps, chatters cheep, cheep, wheet.

The most successful member of its family, now found common in densely populated areas, often visiting potted plants, and ornamental flowers.

Olive-Backed Sunbirds mate between the months of April and August.

The birds have adapted well to humans and sometimes build their flask-shaped nest in human dwellings and usually lay 1-2 greenish-blue eggs which take a week to hatch.

Both males and females take care of the young which leave the nest about two to three weeks later.

They are sometimes mistaken for hummingbirds (which are not represented in Asia).

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Crimes Mala In Se vs. Crimes Mala Prohibita

1. Distinguish between crimes mala in se and crimes mala prohibita.
2. May an act be malum in se and be, at the same time, malum prohibitum?

Suggested Answer:

1. Crimes mala in se are felonious acts committed by dolo or culpa as defined in the Revised Penal Code. Lack of criminal intent is a valid defense, except when the crime results from criminal negligence. On the other hand, crimes mala prohibita are those considered wrong only because they are prohibited by statute. They constitute violations of mere rules of convenience designed to secure a more orderly regulation of the affairs of society.

2. Yes, an act may be malum in se and malum prohibitum at the same time. In People vs. Sunico, et al, (CA 50 OG 5880) it was held that the omission or failure of election inspectors and poll clerks to include a voter's name in the registry list of voters is wrong per se because it disenfranchises a voter of his right to vote. In this regard it is considered as malum in se. Since it is punished under a special law (Sec.101 and 103, Revised Election Code), it is considered malum prohibitum.


1999 Bar Exam Question

1. Distinguish "Mala In Se" from "Mala Prohibita".

 In "mala in se", the acts constituting the crimes are inherently evil, bad, or wrong, and hence involve the moral traits of the offender; while in "mala prohibita', the acts constituting the crimes are not inherently bad, evil or wrong but prohibited and made punishable only for the public good. And because the moral trait of the offender is involved in "mala in se", modifying circumstances, the offender's extent of participation in the crime, and the degree of accomplishment of the crime are taken into account in imposing the penalty; these are not so in "mala prohibita" where criminal liability arises only when the acts are consummated.


2001 Bar Examination Question

Briefly state what essentially distinguishes a crime mala prohibita from a crime mala
in se.

In crimes mala prohibita, the acts are not by nature wrong, evil or bad. They are punished only because there is a law prohibiting them for public good, and thus good faith or lack of criminal intent in doing the prohibited act is not a defense.

In crimes mala in se, the acts are by nature wrong, evil or bad, and so generally condemned. The moral trait of the offender is involved; thus good faith or lack of criminal intent on the part of the offender is a defense unless the crime is the result of criminal negligence. Correspondingly, modifying circumstances is considered in punishing the offender.


2003 Bar Exam Question

Distinguish, in their respective concepts and legal implication, between crimes mala in se and crimes mala prohibita.

In concept: Crimes mala in se are those where the acts or omissions penalized are inherently bad, evil or wrong that they are almost universally condemned.

Crimes mala prohibita are those where the acts penalized are not inherently bad, evil or wrong but prohibited by law for public good, public welfare or interest and whoever violates the prohibition are penalized.

In legal implications: In crimes mala in se, good faith or lack of criminal intent/negligence is a defense, while in crimes mala prohibita, good faith or lack of criminal intent or malice is not a defense; it is enough that the prohibition was voluntarily violated.

Also, criminal liability is generally incurred in crimes mala in se even when the crime is only attempted or frustrated, while in crimes mala prohibita, criminal liability is generally incurred only when the crime is consummated.

Also, in crimes mala in se, mitigating and aggravating circumstances are appreciated in imposing the penalties, while in crimes mala prohibita, such circumstances are not appreciated unless the special law has adopted the scheme or scale of penalties under the Revised Penal Code.



2000 Bar Exam Question 

Mr.Carlos Gabisi, a custom guard, and Mr.Rico Yto, a private individual, went to the office of Mr.Diether Ocuarto, a customs broker, and represented themselves as agents of Moonglow Commercial Trading, an importer of children's clothes and toys. Mr.Gabisi and Mr.Yto engaged Mr.Ocuarto to prepare and file with the Bureau of Customs the necessary import entry and internal revenue declaration covering Moonglow's shipment. Mr Gabisi and Mr.Yto submitted to Mr.Ocuarto a packing list, a commercial invoice, a bill of lading and a sworn import duty declaration which declared the shipment as children's toys, the taxes and duties of which were computed at P60,000.00. Mr.Ocuarto filed the aforementioned documents with Manila International Container Port. However, before the shipment was released, a spot check was conducted by customs senior agent James Bandido, who discovered that the contents of the van (shipment) were not children's toys as declared in the shipping documents but 1,000 units of cassette recorders with taxes and duties computed at P600,000.00. A hold order and warrant of seizure and detention were then issued by the District Collector of Customs. Further investigation showed that Moonglow is non-existent. Consequently, Mr.Gabisi and Mr.Yto were charged with and convicted for violation of Sec.3(e) of R.A. 3019 which makes unlawful among others, for public officers to cause any undue injury to any party, including the government in the discharge of official functions through manifest partiality, evident bad faith or gross inexcusable negligence. In their motion for reconsideration, the accused alleged that the decision was erroneous because the crime was not consummated but was only at an attempted stage, and that in fact the government did not suffer any undue injury.

a. Is the contention of both accused correct? Explain.
b. Assuming that the attempted or frustrated stage of the violation charged is not punishable, may the accused be nevertheless convicted for an offense punished by the Revised Penal Code under the facts of the case? Explain.

Yes, the contention of the accused that the crime was not consummated is correct, RA 3019 is a special law punishing acts mala prohibita. As a rule, attempted violation of a special law is not punished. Actual injury is required.

Yes, Both are liable for attempted Estafa through Falsification of Commercial Documents, a complex crime.


2005 Bar Examination Question

Distinguish malum in se from malum prohibitum.

In crimes mala in se, an act is by nature wrong, evil, or bad, and so generally condemned. The moral trait of the offender is involved; thus, good faith or lack of criminal intent on the part of the offender is a defense, unless the crime is the result of criminal negligence. Correspondingly, modifying circumstances is considered in punishing the offender.

In crimes malum prohibitum, an act is not by nature wrong, evil, or bad. Yet, it is punished because there is a law prohibiting them for public good, and thus good faith or lack of criminal intent in doing the prohibited act is not a defense.

Idianale Goddess of Labor and Good Deeds

idianale
Idianale “Goddess of Labor and Good Deeds” | Lahi Philippines

 

Idianale is one of the servants of Bathala who lives in the sky. Here, she married another god named Dumangan.

 

Si Idianale ay isa sa mga katulong ni Bathala na nakatira sa kalangitan. Dito,  napangasawa niya ang isa pang diyos na si Dumangan.

Congress moved to lower the minimum age of criminal responsibility

There is a move to lower the minimum age of criminal responsibility from 15 years old to
9 years old.

Senator Nancy Binay strongly oppose this move. She said that "as a mother of 9 year old twins, alam ko na sa ganitong edad wala pa silang tamang kakayahan to decide kung ano ang tama at mali".

She further stated that even though we are serious in stopping juvenile crime, lowering  the age of criminal responsibility may not be the best way to save children who may have  gone astray. (nancy binay)

Hindi po lahat ng bata ay batang-hamog, at kaagad na lang ituturing na delinkwente pag  nagkamali. At hindi lahat ng batang nalihis ng landas ay agad na ituturing kriminal.

We are definitely missing the point regarding this issue. These manipulated youth are also victims. We need to strengthen our social systems and not only the penal system.

Hindi dapat na tratuhin na parang mga halang na kriminal ang mga bata. They don't deserve to be condemned by society. They are children. These kids are practically victims of circumstances.

Good point right?

But for the purpose of the incoming criminology licensure examination, please remember the following points:

1. Under R.A. 9344 or the Juvenile Justice And Welfare Act a minor 15 years and below is exempt from criminal liability.

2. Under R.A. 9344 a minor over 15 but below 18 who acted without discernment is exempt from criminal liability.

A minor over 15 but below 18 who acted with discernment shall be subjected to a diversion program.

DISCERNMENT – mental capacity to fully appreciate the consequences of the unlawful act, which is shown by the:
1. manner the crime was committed
2. conduct of the offender after its commission

3. Person Over 9 and Under 15 Acting Without Discernment

NOTE: Such minor must have acted without discernment to be exempt. If with discernment, he is criminally liable.
 
Presumption: The minor committed the crime without discernment.

4. There is absolute criminal irresponsibility in the case of a minor under 9 years of age.

Indulhensiya

indulhensiya
Indulhensiya | Lahi Philippines

 

Indulhensiya is the payout given by Filipino Catholics to the frailes to pray for them and to save their soul from hell. At present, it goes through confession and doing good deeds.

 

Ang Indulhensiya ay ang kabayarang ibinigay ng mga katolikong Filipino sa mga fraile upang ipagdasal sila ng mga ito at iligtas ang kaluluwa mula sa impiyerno. Ngayon, nagpapatuloy ito sa pamamagitan ng kumpisal at paggawa ng mabubuting gawain.

Be a BJMP Officer

Be a BJMP Officer | Image Owner: BJMP

The Bureau of Jail Management and Penology encourages those who are qualified to be a BJMP officer.

A Jail Officer 1 salary is Php 29,668 per month (basic) and Php 37,448 (gross).

The BJMP Regional office 1 in Camp Bgen Florendo in Parian, City of San Fernando,  La Union is recruiting.

For those who are interested.

The Bureau of Jail Management and Penology PRO-1 Personnel Records Management Division contact numbers are the following:
  • (072) 607-1174, (072) 607-3179
  • Globe: 0906-446-5680
  • Smart: 0920-590-4611
  • Sun: 0932-2572-6206


BJMP Regional X
F. Delima St., Lumbia, Cagayan de Oro City
Telephone No.0949-569-5883
Contact BJMPPRO-X, Personnel Records Management thru the number above, or any CRS officers near you for details.

Habonete

habonete
Habonete | Sabong Pangligo | Lahi Philippines

 

The Habonete is a fragrant soap that is usually used for bathing.

Ang Habonete ay mabangong sabon na karaniwan ay ginagamit panligo.

 

National Museum of the Philippines Planetarium Shows

national museum of the philippines planetarium
National Museum of the Philippines Planetarium Shows | @natmuseumph


The National Museum is pleased to announce the reopening of the National Museum  Planetarium. The exhibition is free but the museum charges for planetarium shows.


The National Museum of the Philippines Planetarium Shows cost

  • Php 50.00 for regular viewers
  • Php 30.00 for students with ID
  • Php 40.00 for senior citizens and PWD (persons with disabilities)


The National Museum of the Philippines is open from 10 am to 5 pm (last admission 4:30 pm),
Tuesday to Sunday.


Visit the National Museum of the Philippines Planetarium shows and join the journey to the wonders of our Ethno astronomy, learning how planets and stars have guided us in sea navigation, agriculture, fishing, and the right timing of celebrating life.


For more information, please call (02) 527 7889 or email cmvod.nationalmuseum@gmail.com.


The National Museum of the Philippines address is located at Padre Burgos Drive, Rizal Park, Manila. It is open on Tuesdays-Sundays, 10:00 AM – 5:00 PM.


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Jambangan

jambangan
Jambangan | Lahi Philippines

Jambangan literally means “flower vase”. This is what the Malay in Zamboanga called it when they discovered the place filled with flowers. The word Zamboanga came from this word.

Ang literal na ibig sabihin ng Jambangan ay “plorera ng bulaklak”. Ito ang itinawag ng mga Malay sa Zamboanga noong nadiskubre nila ang lugar na punong-puno ng bulaklak. Dito nagsimula ang salitang Zamboanga.

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Kidya

kidya
Kidya | Lahi Philippines

 

Calamansi which is native to the Philippines is called Kidya in Baler, Aurora.

Kidya is often seen in Baler restaurants and eateries, where tasty cold calamansi juice is good to drink after surfing.

Ang Kidya ay tawag sa kalamansi sa Baler, Aurora. Ang Kidya ay madalas nakikita sa mga kainan sa Baler, kung saan masarap na inumin ang malamig na kalamansi juice pagkatapos mag-surf.

 

Immediate Cause; Felonious Act; Criminal Liability

Immediate Cause

The conduct of wife A aroused the ire of her husband B. Incensed with anger almost beyond his control, B could not help but inflict physical injuries on A. Moments after B started hitting A with his fists, A suddenly complained of severe chest pains. B realizing that A was indeed in serious trouble, immediately brought her to the hospital. Despite efforts to alleviate A's pains, she died of a heart attack. It turned out that she had been suffering from a lingering heart ailment.

What crime, if any, could B be held guilty of?

B could be held liable for parricide because his act of hitting his wife with his fist blows and therewith inflicting physical injuries on her, is felonious. A person committing a felonious act incurs criminal liability although the wrongful consequence is different from what he intended.(Art.4, par.1, Revised Penal Code)

Although A died of a heart attack, the said attack was generated by B's felonious act of hitting her with his fists. Such a felonious act was the immediate cause of the heart attack, having materially contributed to and hastened A's death. Even though B may have acted without intent to kill his wife, lack of such intent is of no moment when the victim dies. However, B may be given the mitigating circumstance of having acted without intent to commit so grave a wrong as that committed. (Art.13, par.3, Revised Penal Code)

Advisory to Filipinos Traveling To Hong Kong

Advisory to Filipinos Traveling To Hong Kong

The Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) reminds Filipinos traveling to Hong kong or transiting through Hong Kong to make sure they are not carrying restricted items in their luggage.

This reminder is being issued after the Philippine Consulate General in Hong Kong reported  the arrest and detention of a transiting Filipino student after airport authorities found two extendable batons in his check-in luggage.

Consul General Antonio Morales said personal defense weapons such as stun guns, pepper spray, tear gas, extensible batons, flick knives, and knuckle-dusters are considered dangerous weapons in Hong Kong.

Unlicensed possession of these items is punishable by a fine of HK$100,000 and maximum sentence of five years imprisonment upon conviction.

Criminologist Licensure Examination Top Performing Schools

On
November 2019 Top Criminology Schools

The Top Performing Schools in the November 2019 Criminologist Licensure Examination as per commission resolution no.2017-1058(C) series of 2017 are the following:

With 50 or more examinees and with at least 80% passing percentage.

No.1 Cavite State University
         Total Number of Examinees: 82
         Total Number Passed: 81
         Passing Percentage: 98.78%

No.2 Tarlac State University
         Total Number of Examinees: 68
         Total Number Passed: 66
         Passing Percentage: 97.06%

No.3 King's College of the Philippines INC. - Benguet
         Total Number of Examinees: 66
         Total Number Passed: 64
         Passing Percentage: 96.97%

No.4 University of the Cordilleras
         Total Number of Examinees: 65
         Total Number Passed: 63
         Passing Percentage: 96.92%

No.5 Laguna State Polytechnic University - San Pablo
         Total Number of Examinees: 56
         Total Number Passed: 51
         Passing Percentage: 91.07%

No.6 Southern Leyte State University - Sogod
         Total Number of Examinees: 111
         Total Number Passed: 99
         Passing Percentage: 89.19%

No.7 University of Baguio
         Total Number of Examinees: 105
         Total Number Passed: 91
         Passing Percentage: 86.67%

No.8 Ifugao State University - Lamut
         Total Number of Examinees: 142
         Total Number Passed: 123
         Passing Percentage: 86.62%

No.9 University of Iloilo
         Total Number of Examinees: 235
         Total Number Passed: 203
         Passing Percentage: 86.38%

No.10 Data Center College of the Philippines - Laoag City
           Total Number of Examinees: 69
          Total Number Passed: 58
          Passing Percentage: 84.06%


June 2019 Top Criminology School

The Top Performing Schools in the June 2019 Criminologist Licensure Examination as per commission resolution no.2017-1058(C) series of 2017 are the following:

With 50 or more examinees and with at least 80% passing percentage.

No.1 University of the Cordilleras
         Total Number of Examinees: 101
         Total Number Passed: 101
         Passing Percentage: 100%

No.2 Lipa City Colleges
         Total Number of Examinees: 55
         Total Number Passed: 48
         Passing Percentage: 87.27%

No.3 Tarlac State University
         Total Number of Examinees: 50
         Total Number Passed: 43
         Passing Percentage: 86%

No.4 Cagayan De Oro College
         Total Number of Examinees: 168
         Total Number Passed: 140
         Passing Percentage: 83.33%

No.5 University of Baguio
         Total Number of Examinees: 80
         Total Number Passed: 64
         Passing Percentage: 80%

View the list of successful examinees

Top 10 Examinees



December 2018 Criminologist Licensure Examination Top Performing Schools

The top performing schools in the December 2018 Criminologist Licensure Examination as  per Commission Resolution No. 2010-547 series of 2010: (with 50 or more examinees and with at least 80% passing percentage)

No.1 TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY (TARLAC COLLEGE OF TECH.) 57 56 98.25%
         Total Number of Examinees - 57
         Total Number Passed - 56
         Passing Percentage - 98.25%

No.2 KING'S COLL. OF THE PHILIPPINES-BAMBANG INC.(ELC, INC)
         Total Number of Examinees - 53
         Total Number Passed - 51
         Passing Percentage - 96.23%

No.3 CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY (DON SEVERINO AGR'L. COLL.)
         Total Number of Examinees - 65
         Total Number Passed - 62
         Passing Percentage - 95.38%

No.4 UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS (FOR.BAGUIO C.F.)
         Total Number of Examinees - 63
         Total Number Passed - 60
         Passing Percentage - 95.24%

No.5 KING'S COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES INC.- BENGUET (FOR E.L.C)
         Total Number of Examinees - 52
         Total Number Passed - 47
         Passing Percentage - 90.38%

No.6 LAGUNA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIV-SN PABLO(LSPC)
         Total Number of Examinees - 51
         Total Number Passed - 44
         Passing Percentage - 86.27%

No.7 DATA CENTER COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES-LAOAG CITY
         Total Number of Examinees - 71
         Total Number Passed - 57
         Passing Percentage - 80.28%

List of successful examinees
Top 10 Examinees

Criminologist Licensure Examination Top 10 Examinees

On
November 2019 Criminologist Licensure Examination Top 10 Examinees

The successful examinees who garnered the 10 highest places in the November 2019 Criminologists Licensure Examination are the following:

1st Place: Fahadale Saripada Abbas 91.20%
                 John Paul II College

2nd Place: John Patrick Aguado Privado 90.75%
                  Eulogio (Amang) Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology

3rd Place: Aldrin Abata Aquino 90.50%
                  University of Cagayan Valley

4th Place: Cleojean Genobiagon Pia 90.45%
                 University of Cebu

5th Place: Bryl Pascua Ariola 90.25%
                 Saint Michael College of CARAGA, Inc.

6th Place: John Paul Caringal Laguna 90.20%
                 Teodoro M. Luansing College of Rosario

                  Jerald Tuburan Sarona 90.20%
                  Kolehiyo ng Pantukan - Compostela Valley

7th Place: Franie Buyayo Bumilao 90.10%
                 Ifugao State University

                 John Michael Salvid Pontiveros 90.10%
                 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation - Lucena City

8th Place: Rochelle Balute Misola 90.05%
                 Bicol College

                  Reysha Marie Pareno Parreno 90.05%
                  University of Mindanao - Tagum

9th Place: Adrian Sanal Mandawe 89.80%
                 Western Mindanao State University - Pagadian City

10th Place: Ruel Colango Biol 89.70%
                   Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology

                   Pablito Bentulan Muring Jr. 89.70%
                   Kapalong College of Agriculture, Sciences and Technology


Related:





June 2019 Criminologist Licensure Examination Top 10 Examinees

The successful examinees who garnered the 10 highest places in the June 2019 Criminologists Licensure Examination are the following:

1st Place: John Bonrev Roi Rodas 90.50%
                 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation - Lucena City

2nd Place: Alben Deposa Ponso 90.10%
                  Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology

3rd Place: Rosanie Galve Bulacja 89.95%
                 Bago City College

4th Place: Claire Daguasi Rufino 89.85%
                 University of Baguio

5th Place: Raul Jala Palen 89.75%
                 University of Mindanao - Tagum

6th Place: Khevin Dave Torpio Espinosa 89.70%
                 University of Mindanao - Tagum

                 Aron Laurel Labog 89.70%
                 Bestlink College of the Philippines

7th Place: Joemar Bulig Cervantes 89.60%
                 University of Mindanao - Davao City

8th Place: Angelo Lorenzo Ternio Andrada 89.30%
                 Central Mindanao Colleges

                 Sheila Rose Ann Ud-ulon Balangue 89.30%
                 University of the Cordilleras

9th Place: Eric Molejon Bosquit 89.00
                 Cagayan De Oro College

10th Place: Jem Erielle Garcia Tolentino 88.95%
                  Bataan Heroes Memorial College


View the List of successful examinees

Top Performing Criminology Schools


December 2018 Criminologist Licensure Examination Top 10 Examinees

The successful examinees who garnered the ten (10) highest places in the December 2018 Criminologist Licensure Examination are the following:

1st Placer - ELLA JEANNE CHAVEZ SALVADOR
                    UNIVERSIDAD DE ZAMBOANGA (for.ZAEC) - 91.15

2nd Placer - CHRISTINE JOY SUDLA MIRANDA
                     ARAULLO UNIVERSITY - 90.90

3rd Placer - PHILIP DOMINIC MORENO PENDANG
                     UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO-DAVAO CITY - 90.65

4th Placer - RIZALENE DURAN TATAD
                    UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO-BANSALAN - 90.25

5th Placer - KIMBERLY VILLARE CRUZ
                    PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY - 90.05

6th Placer - VICENTE LAVADOR GUMAPAC
                    UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO-TAGUM - 89.90

7th Placer - CHERRYFE MARQUITA ESPAÑA
                    UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO-DAVAO CITY - 89.85

8th Placer - PRESCO SANTOS BABAD JR
                    BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY (for.BCAT)-MALOLOS - 89.75

9th Placer - RACHMA MUCSAN JUDA
                    DAVAO CENTRAL COLLEGE - 89.65

10th Placer - ROSS ACHILLES CASBADILLO CORTINA
                      BATAAN HEROES MEMORIAL COLLEGE - 89.60


December 2018 Criminologist Licensure Examination list of successful examinees
December 2018 Criminologist Licensure Examination Top Performing Schools

Riders Against Criminal Elements (RACE) Launched

The Davao del Sur Provincial Police Office has launched its crime prevention strategy dubbed “Riders Against Criminal Elements” (RACE) in Padada town where 100 civilian motor riders were tapped as “crime spotters.”(PIA Davao)

The Mission of Crime Stoppers is to make our community safe and promote community participation in the apprehension of criminals and encourage citizen-based responses to crime and violence by motivating the public to cooperate with law enforcement agencies.

The Davao del Sur Police Provincial Office Contact Number are as follows:

PROVINCIAL DIRECTOR
San Agustin, Digos City, Davao del Sur
09989674146
sambasgadz@yahoo.com

DPDA
San Agustin, Digos City, Davao del Sur
09305300662
Rpdiaz7648@gmail.com

DPDO
Visayan Village, Tagum City, Davao del Norte
09333710938
Bernasor66pnp@gmail.com

ADMIN
San Agustin, Digos City, Davao del Sur
09498673465
a_dsppo@yahoo.com.ph

HRDD
San Agustin, Digos City, Davao del Sur
09171485464
dpro11_davaosurhrdd@yahoo.com

INTELLIGENCE
San Agustin, Digos City, Davao del Sur
09985987029
dsppopib2003@gmail.com

OPERATION & PLANS
San Agustin, Digos City, Davao del Sur
09199937776
dsppo.plansopns.pnp@gmail.com

SUPPLY
San Agustin, Digos City, Davao del Sur
09295594690

PCR
San Agustin, Digos City, Davao del Sur
09214575869
davaosurpolicecommunity@yahoo.com

WCPD
San Agustin, Digos City, Davao del Sur
09205316086
dsppo_wcpd@yahoo.com

FINANCE
San Agustin, Digos City, Davao del Sur
09399313041
davaosurfinance@yahoo.com

INVESTIGATION
San Agustin, Digos City, Davao del Sur
09985987032
dsppo_idms@yahoo.com

PPSMU
San Agustin, Digos City, Davao del Sur
09301473190
Dspp.ppsmu@gmail.com

1st DSPMFC
San Agustin, Digos City, Davao del Sur
09303548510
dsppsc_strikingforce@yahoo.com.ph

2nd DSPMFC
Poblacion. Matanao, Davao del Sur
09059992062

BANSALAN MPS
Poblacion. 2, Bansalan, Davao del Sur
09215668558/09985987036
bansalan_police@yahoo.com.ph

DIGOS CPS
Zone 3, Digos City, Davao del Sur
09399240779/09985987034
digos_cps@yahoo.com

HAGONOY MPS
Poblacion. Hagonoy, Davao del Sur
09394810688/09985987040
pnphagonoy@yahoo.com.ph

KIBLAWAN MPS
Poblacion. Kiblawan, Davao del Sur
09076436448/09985987042
kiblawan_mps1234@yahoo.com.ph

MAGSAYSAY MPS
Poblacion. Magsaysay, Davao del Sur
09258191187/09985987037
magsaysaymps1@gmail.com

MALALAG MPS
Poblacion. Malalag, Davao del Sur
09073160471/09985987043
pnpmalalagmps@gmail.com

MATAN-AO MPS
Poblacion. Matan-ao, Davao del Sur
09506417529/09985987038
matanao_mps@yahoo.com.ph

PADADA MPS
Poblacion. Padada, Davao del Sur
09983349699/09985987041
padada_mps@yahoo.com.ph

STA. CRUZ MPS
Poblacion.Sta. Cruz, Davao del Sur
09472736377/0998-598-7039
stacruzmpsdavaosur@yahoo.com

SULOP MPS
Poblacion. Sulop, Davao del Sur
09288542119/09985987044
sulopmps_opn@yahoo.com

You may want to read:

What is an impossible crime?

2000 Bar Examination Question (Impossible Crime)

1. What is an impossible crime?
2. Is an impossible crime really a crime?

1. An impossible crime is an act which would be an offense against person or property, were it not for the inherent impossibility of its accomplishment or on account of the employment of inadequate or ineffectual means. (Art.4, par.2 RPC)

2. No, an impossible crime is not really a crime. It is only so-called because the act gives rise to criminal liability. But actually, no felony is committed. The accused is to be punished for his criminal tendency o propensity although no crime was committed.


Bar Examination 2004

OZ and YO were both courting their co-employee, SUE. Because of their bitter rivalry, OZ decided to get rid of YO bu poisoning him. OZ poured a substance into YO's coffee thinking it was arsenic. It turned out that the substance was white sugar substitute known as Equal. Nothing happened to YO after he drank the coffee.

What criminal liability did OZ incur, if any? Explain briefly.

OZ incurred criminal liability for an impossible crime of murder. Criminal liability shall be incurred by any person performing an act which would be an offense against person or property, were it not for the inherent impossibility of its accomplishment or on account of the employment of inadequate or ineffectual means.(Art.4, par.2 RPC).

In the problem given, the impossibility of accomplishing the crime of murder, a crime against persons, was due to the employment of ineffectual means which OZ thought was poison. The law imputes criminal liability to the offender although no crime resulted, only to suppress his criminal propensity because subjectively, he is a criminal though objectively, no crime was committed.


1994 Bar Exam Question

JP, Aries and Randal planned to kill Elsa, a resident of Barangay Pula, Laurel, Batangas. They asked the assistance of Ella, who is familiar with the place.

On April 3, 1992, at about 10:00 in the evening, JP, Aries and Randal, all armed with automatic weapons, went to Barangay Pula. Ella, being the guide, directed her companions to the room in the house of Elsa. Whereupon, JP, Aries and Randal fired their guns at her room. Fortunately, Elsa was not around as she attended a prayer meeting that evening in another barangay in Laurel.

JP, et al, were charged and convicted of attempted murder by the Regional Trial Court at Tanauan, Batangas.

On appeal to the Court of Appeals, all the accused ascribed to the trial court the sole error of finding them guilty of attempted murder. If you were the ponente, how will you decide the appeal?

If I were the ponente, I will set aside the judgment convicting the accused of attempted murder and instead find them guilty of impossible crime under Art.4, par.2, RPC, in relation to Art.59, RPC. Liability for impossible crime arises not only when the impossibility is legal, but likewise when it is factual or physical impossibility, as in the case at bar. Elsa's absence from the house is a physical impossibility which renders the crime intended inherently incapable of accomplishment. To convict the accused of attempted murder would make Art.4, par.2 practically useless as all circumstances which prevented the consummation of the offense will be treated as an incident independent of the actor's will which is an element of attempted or frustrated felony.(Intod vs. Ca, 215 SCRA 52)


1998 Bar Exam Question

Buddy always resented his classmate, Jun. One day, Buddy planned to kill Jun by mixing poison in his lunch. Not knowing where he can get poison, he approached another classmate, Jerry to whom he disclosed his evil plan. Because he himself harbored resentment towards Jun, Jerry gave Buddy a poison, which Buddy placed on Jun's food. However, Jun did not die because unknown to both Buddy and Jerry, the poison was actually powdered milk.

1. What crime or crimes, if any, did Jerry and Buddy commit?
2. Suppose that, because of his severe allergy to powdered milk, Jun has to be hospitalized for 10 days for ingesting it. Would your answer to the first question be the same?

1. Jerry and Buddy are liable for the so-called "impossible crime" because, with intent to kill, they tried to poison Jun and thus perpetrated murder, a crime against person. Jun was not poisoned only because the would-be killers were unaware that what they mixed with the food of Jun was powdered milk, not poison. In short, the act done with criminal intent by Jerry and Buddy, would have constituted a crime against person were it not for the inherent inefficacy of the means employed. Criminal liability is incurred by them although no crime resulted, because their act act of trying to poison Jun is criminal.

2. No, the answer would not be the same as above. Jerry and Buddy would be liable instead for less serious physical injuries for causing the hospitalization and medical attendance for 10 days to Jun. Their act of mixing with the food eaten by Jun the matter which required such medical attendance, committed with criminal intent, renders them liable for the resulting injury.


2000 Bar Examination Question

Carla, 4 years old, was kidnapped by Enrique, th tricycle driver paid by her parents to bring and fetch her to and from school. Enrique wrote a ransom note demanding P500,000.00 from Carla's parents in exchange for Carla's freedom. Enrique sent the ransom note by mail. However, before the ransom note was received by Carla's parents, Enrique's hideout was discovered by the police. Carla was rescued while Enrique was arrested and incarcerated. Considering that the ransom note was not received by Carla's parents, the investigating prosecutor merely filed a case of "impossible crime to commit kidnapping" against Enrique.

Is the prosecutor correct? Why?

No, the prosecutor is not correct in filing a case for "impossible crime to commit kidnapping" against Enrique. Impossible crimes are limited only to acts which when performed would be a crime against person or property. As kidnapping is a crime against personal security and not against persons or property, Enrique could not have incurred an "impossible crime" to commit kidnapping. There is thus no impossible crime of kidnapping.

Proximate Cause; Felonious Act; Criminal Liability

Proximate Cause | Felonious Act | Criminal Liability

Vicente hacked Anacleto with a bolo but the latter was able to parry it with his hand, causing upon him a two-inch wound on his right palm. Vicente was not able to hack Anacleto further because three policemen arrived and threatened to shoot Vicente if he did not drop his bolo. Vicente was accordingly charged by the police at the prosecutor's office for attempted homicide. Twenty-five days later, while the preliminary investigation was in progress, Anacleto was rushed to the hospital because of symptoms of tetanus infection on the two-inch wound inflicted by Vicente. Anacleto died the following day.

Can Vicente be eventually charged with homicide for the death of Anacleto? Explain.

Yes, Vicente may be charged with homicide for the death of Anacleto, unless the tetanus infection which developed 25 days later, was brought about by an efficient supervening cause. Vicente's felonious act of causing a two-inch wound on Anacleto's right palm may still be regarded as the proximate cause of the latter's death because without such wound, no tetanus infection could develop from the victim's right palm, and without such tetanus infection, the victim would not have died with it.


Proximate Cause (1994 Bar Exam Question)

Bhey eloped with Scott. Whereupon, Bey's father, Robin, and brother, Rustom, went to Scott's house. Upon reaching the house, Rustom inquired from Scott about his sister's whereabouts, while Robin shouted and threatened to kill Scott. The latter then went downstairs but Rustom held his (Scott's) waist. Meanwhile, Olive, the elder sister of Scott, carrying her 2-month-old child, approached Rustom and Scott to pacify them. Olive attempted to remove Rustom's hand from Scott's waist. But Rustom pulled Olive's hand causing her to fall over her baby. The baby then died moments later.

Is Rustom criminally liable for the death of the child?

Yes, Rustom is criminally liable for the death of the child because his felonious act was the proximate cause of such death. It was Rustom's act of pulling Olive's hand that caused the latter the fall on her baby. Had it not been for the said act of Rustom, which is undoubtedly felonious (at least slight coercion) there was no cause for Olive to fall ever her baby. In short, Rustom's felonious act is the cause of the evil caused. Any person performing a felonious act is criminally liable for the direct, natural, and logical consequence thereof although different from what he intended.(Art.4, Par.1, RPC;
People vs. Pugay. et al, GR No.74324, Nov.18,1988)


Proximate Cause (1997 Bar Examination Question)

While the crew of a steamer prepared to raise anchor at the Pasig River, A, evidently impatient with the progress of work, began to use abusive language against the men. B, one of the members of the crew, remonstrated saying that they could work best if they were not insulted. A took B's attitude as a display of insubordination and, rising in a rage, moved towards B wielding a big knife, and threatened to stab B. At the instant when A was only a few feet from B, the latter, apparently believing himself to be in great  and imminent peril, threw himself into the water, disappeared beneath the surface, and
drowned.

May A be held criminally liable for the death of B?

Yes. A can be held criminally liable for the death of B. Article 4 of the Revised Penal Code provides in part that criminal liability shall be incurred by any person committing a felony although the wrongful act done be different from that which he intended.

In US vs. Valdez, 41 Phil. 497, where the victim who was threatened by the accused with a knife, jumped into the river but because of the strong current or because he did not know how to swim, he drowned, the Supreme Court affirmed the conviction for homicide of the accused because, if a person against whom a criminal assault is directed believes himself to be in danger of death or great bodily harm and in order to escape jumps into the water, impelled by the instinct of self-preservation, the assailant is responsible for the homicide in case death results by drowning.


Proximate Cause (1999 Bar Examination Question)

During the robbery in a dwelling house, one of the culprits happened to fire his gun upward at the ceiling without meaning to kill anyone. The owner of the house who was hiding thereat was hit and killed as a result.

The defense theorized that the killing was a mere accident and was not perpetrated in connection with, or for purposes of, the robbery.

Will you sustain the defense? Why?

No, I will not sustain the defense. The act being felonious and the proximate cause of the victim's, the offender is liable therefore although it may not be intended or different from what he intended. The offender shall be prosecuted for the composite crime of robbery with homicide, whether the killing was intentional or accidental, as long as the killing was on the occasion of the robbery.


2001 Bar Examination Question 

Luis Cruz was deeply hurt when his offer of love was rejected by his girlfriend  Marivella one afternoon when he visited her. When he left her house, he walked as if he was sleepwalking so much so that a teenage snatcher was able to grab his cell phone and flee without being chased by Luis. At the next LRT station, he boarded one of the coaches bound for Baclaran. While seated, he happened to read a newspaper left on the seat and noticed that the headlines were about the sinking of the Super Ferry while on its way to Cebu. He went over the list of missing passengers who were presumed dead and came across the name of his grandfather who had raised him from childhood after he was orphaned. He was shocked and his mind went blank for a few minutes, after which he ran amuck and,
using his balisong, started stabbing at the passengers who then scampered away, with three of them jumping out of the train and landing on the road below. All three passengers died later of their injuries at the hospital.

Is Luis liable for the death of the three passengers who jumped out of the moving train? State your reasons.

Yes, Luis is liable for their death because he was committing a felony when he started stabbing at the passengers and such wrongful act was the proximate cause of said passengers' jumping out of the train; hence their deaths.

Under Article 4, Revised Penal Code, any person committing a felony shall incur criminal liability although the wrongful act done be different from that which he intended. In this case, the death of the three passengers was the direct, natural, and logical consequence of Luis' felonious act which created an imminent sense of danger in the minds of said passengers who tried to avoid or escape from it by jumping out of the train.(People vs. Arpa, 27 SCRA 1037; US vs. Valdez, 41 Phil. 497)


2004 Bar Exam Question

On his way home from office, ZZ rode in a jeepney. Subsequently, XX boarded the same jeepney. Upon reaching a secluded spot in QC, XX pulled out a grenade from his bag and announced a hold-up. He told ZZ to surrender his watch, wallet, and cellphone. Fearing for his life, ZZ jumped out of the vehicle. But as he fell, his head hit the pavement, causing his instant death.

Is XX liable for ZZ's death? Explain briefly.

Yes, XX is liable for ZZ's death because his act of pulling out a grenade and announcing a hold-up, coupled with a demand for the watch, wallet, and cellphone of ZZ is felonious, and such felonious act was the proximate cause of ZZ's jumping out of the jeepney, resulting in the latter's death. Stated otherwise, the death of ZZ was the direct, natural, and logical consequence of XX's felonious act which created an immediate sense of danger in the mind of ZZ who tried to avoid such danger by jumping out of the jeepney. (People vs. Arpa, 27 SCRA 1037).