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June 2019 Architect Licensure Examination Results

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June 2019 Architect Licensure Examination Results

 The Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) announces that 2,104 out of 3,172 passed the Architect Licensure Examination (ALE) given by the Board of Architecture headed by its Chairman, Arch. Robert S. Sac and board member, Arch. Robert M. Mirafuente. The examination was held in Manila, Baguio, Cebu, Davao, Legazpi, and Zamboanga last June 28 and 30, 2019. 

 The results were released in four (4) working days after the last day of examination.

 From July 24 to July 30, 2019, registration for the issuance of Professional Identification Card (ID) and Certificate of Registration will be done on-line.  Please go to https://online.prc.gov.ph/ and follow instructions for initial registration.  Those who will register are required to bring the following: downloaded duly accomplished Oath Form or Panunumpa ng Propesyonal, notice of admission (for identification only), 2 pieces passport sized pictures (colored with white background and complete name tag), 2 sets of documentary stamps and 1 piece short brown envelope.  Successful examinees should personally register and sign in the Roster of Registered Professionals.
The date and venue for the mass oathtaking of the successful examinees in the said licensure examination WILL BE ANNOUNCED LATER.

 Related:
January 2019 Architect Licensure Examination Results Released 

 The Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) announces that 1,120 out of 1,990 passed the Architect Licensure Examination (ALE) given by the Board of Architecture headed by its Chairman, Arch. Robert S. Sac and board member, Arch. Robert M. Mirafuente. The examination was held in Manila, Baguio, Cebu, Davao, Legazpi and Zamboanga last January 25 and 27, 2019. 

 The results were released in three (3) working days after the last day of examination.

 From February 14 to February 20, 2019, registration for the issuance of Professional Identification Card (ID) and Certificate of Registration will be done on-line.  Please go to www.prc.gov.ph and follow instructions for initial registration.  Those who will register are required to bring the following: downloaded duly accomplished Oath Form or Panunumpa ng Propesyonal, notice of admission (for identification only), 2 pieces passport sized pictures (colored with white background and complete name tag), 2 sets of documentary stamps and 1 piece short brown envelope.  Successful examinees should personally register and sign in the Roster of Registered Professionals.
The date and venue for the mass oathtaking of the successful examinees in the said licensure examination WILL BE ANNOUNCED LATER.

 View the list of successful examinees
View the names of the top ten examinees
View the top performing architect schools

June 2019 Architect Licensure Examination Top Performing Schools

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June 2019 Architect Licensure Examination Top Performing Schools

The top performing schools in the June 2019 Architect Licensure Examination as per commission
resolution no.2017-1058(C) series of 2017: are the following:

With 50 or more examinees and with at least 80% passing percentage.

No. 1 University of Santo Tomas 
      Total Number of Examinees: 210
      Total Number Passed: 195
      Passing Percentage: 92.86%

No.2 University of San Carlos
     Total Number of Examinees: 97
     Total Number Passed: 87
     Passing Percentage: 89.69%

No.3 De La Salle University - College of Saint Benilde
         Total Number of Examinees: 55
         Total Number Passed: 47
         Passing Percentage: 85.45%

No.4 Saint Louis University
         Total Number of Examinees: 149
         Total Number Passed: 126
         Passing Percentage: 84.56%

No.5 Technological University of the Philippines - Manila
         Total Number of Examinees: 51
         Total Number Passed: 43
         Passing Percentage: 84.31%

No.6 Polytechnic University of the Philippines - Main-Sta.Mesa
         Total Number of Examinees: 68
         Total Number Passed: 57
         Passing Percentage: 83.82%

Related:
      

January 2019 Architect Licensure Examination Top Performing Schools

The top-performing school in the January 2019 Architect Licensure Examination as per Commission Resolution No. 2010-547 series of 2010:

WITH 50 OR MORE EXAMINEES AND WITH AT LEAST 80% PASSING PERCENTAGE

No.1 Mapua University (formerly MIT)
         Total Number of Examinees - 51
         Total Number passed - 43
         Percentage Passed - 84.31%

View the list of those who passed
View the top 10 examinees

June 2019 Architect Licensure Examination Top 10 Examinees

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June 2019 Architect Licensure Examination Top 10 Examinees

The successful examinees who garnered the ten (10) highest places in the June 2019 Architect Licensure Examination are the following:

1st Place: John Vincent Rojo Lopez 84.90%
                Eulogio (Amang) Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology

2nd Place: Ben John Canonigo Lazo 84.50%
                  University of Pangasinan

3rd Place: Jillianne Salinas Espinosa 84.30%
                 University of Santo Tomas

                 Marc Chialor Bance Orgado 84.30%
                 University of Santo Tomas

4th Place: Audrey Eunice Diola Rillorta 83.90%
                 Saint Louis University

5th Place: Miko Angelo De Jesus Balverde 83.30%
                 Far Eastern University-Manila

                 Joevince Neil Sanchez Gacus 83.30%
                 University of Mindanao-Davao City

                 Redentor Lobo Mirano Jr. 83.30%
                 Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University

6th Place: Grace Evangeline  Magangat Piaga 83.10%
                 Saint Louis University

7th Place: Jennica Presilda Curato 83%
                 University of San Carlos

                 Paulo Zabala David 83%
                 University of Santo Tomas

8th Place: Criselle Ong Chua 82.90%
                 University of Santo Tomas

                Neil Judd Caldit Consuelo 82.90%
                Bicol University-Legazpi

9th Place: Joseph Marie Dayupay Fantonial 82.80%
                 Cebu Institute of Technology University

10th Place: Frank Lloyd Palaganas Tulagan 82.70%
                  Saint Louis University

                  Ethan Bryce Cromente Zerna 82.70%
                  University of Mindanao-Davao City


Related:



January 2019 Architect Licensure Examination Top 10 Examinees

The successful examinees who garnered the ten (10) highest places in the January 2019 Architect Licensure Examination are the following:


1st Place - JUSTIN LEI GERMINO RAMOS
                  CEBU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY - UNIVERSITY 83.80

2nd Place - CARLO MARTIN LOVETE LLANTO
                  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES-DILIMAN 83.50

                  CHRISTINA MARIE REAMICO RELUCIO
                  TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES-MANILA 83.50

3rd Place - ANGELO EZEKIEL PALLORINA NUESTRO
                  DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY-COLLEGE OF SAINT BENILDE 83.40

4th Place - GENNA AINA GAPUSAN DOMINGO
                  MAPUA UNIVERSITY (FOR. M.I.T.) - MANILA 83.00

5th Place - SOFIA MARGA VALLEGA SILOT
                  UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO-DAVAO CITY 82.30

6th Place - ULYSSES EDUARDO BALDO DE GUIA JR
                  MAPUA UNIVERSITY (FOR. M.I.T.) - MANILA 82.00

7th Place - IVAN LESTER LEAÑO
                  TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES-MANILA 81.80

8th Place - MARLON CAPISTRANO GAMILONG
                  TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES-MANILA 81.70

                  KIM MARK ANTHONY TALICTIC REVOTE
                  UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO-DAVAO CITY 81.70

9th Place - NOEL TIZON AMOR JR
                  UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO-DAVAO CITY 81.60

10th Place -  EMMANUEL JOSEMARIE REYES TERUEL

View the complete list of successful examinees
View the top performing architect school

Crimes Mala In Se vs. Crimes Mala Prohibita

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1. Distinguish between crimes mala in se and crimes mala prohibita.
2. May an act be malum in se and be, at the same time, malum prohibitum?

Suggested Answer:

1. Crimes mala in se are felonious acts committed by dolo or culpa as defined in the Revised Penal Code. Lack of criminal intent is a valid defense, except when the crime results from criminal negligence. On the other hand, crimes mala prohibita are those considered wrong only because they are prohibited by statute. They constitute violations of mere rules of convenience designed to secure a more orderly regulation of the affairs of society.

2. Yes, an act may be malum in se and malum prohibitum at the same time. In People vs. Sunico, et al, (CA 50 OG 5880) it was held that the omission or failure of election inspectors and poll clerks to include a voter's name in the registry list of voters is wrong per se because it disenfranchises a voter of his right to vote. In this regard it is considered as malum in se. Since it is punished under a special law (Sec.101 and 103, Revised Election Code), it is considered malum prohibitum.


1999 Bar Exam Question

1. Distinguish "Mala In Se" from "Mala Prohibita".

 In "mala in se", the acts constituting the crimes are inherently evil, bad or wrong, and hence involves the moral traits of the offender; while in "mala prohibita', the acts constituting the crimes are not inherently bad, evil or wrong but prohibited and made punishable only for public good. And because the moral trait of the offender is involved in "mala in se", modifying circumstances, the offender's extent of participation in the crime, and the degree of accomplishment of the crime are taken into account in imposing the penalty; these are not so in "mala prohibita" where criminal liability arises only when the acts are consummated.


2001 Bar Examination Question

Briefly state what essentially distinguishes a crime mala prohibita from a crime mala
in se.

In crimes mala prohibita, the acts are not by nature wrong, evil or bad. They are punished only because there is a law prohibiting them for public good, and thus good faith or lack of criminal intent in doing the prohibited act is not a defense.

In crimes mala in se, the acts are by nature wrong, evil or bad, and so generally condemned. The moral trait of the offender is involved; thus good faith or lack of criminal intent on the part of the offender is a defense, unless the crime is the result of criminal negligence. Correspondingly, modifying circumstances are considered in punishing the offender.


2003 Bar Exam Question

Distinguish, in their respective concepts and legal implication, between crimes mala in se and crimes mala prohibita.

In concept: Crimes mala in se are those where the acts or omissions penalized are inherently bad, evil or wrong that they are almost universally condemned.

Crimes mala prohibita are those where the acts penalized are not inherently bad, evil or wrong but prohibited by law for public good, public welfare or interest and whoever violates the prohibition are penalized.

In legal implications: In crimes mala in se, good faith or lack of criminal intent/negligence is a defense, while in crimes mala prohibita, good faith or lack of criminal intent or malice is not a defense; it is enough that the prohibition was voluntarily violated.

Also, criminal liability is generally incurred in crimes mala in se even when the crime is only attempted or frustrated, while in crimes mala prohibita, criminal liability is generally incurred only when the crime is consummated.

Also, in crimes mala in se, mitigating and aggravating circumstances are appreciated in imposing the penalties, while in crimes mala prohibita, such circumstances are not appreciated unless the special law has adopted the scheme or scale of penalties under the Revised Penal Code.



2000 Bar Exam Question 

Mr.Carlos Gabisi, a custom guard, and Mr.Rico Yto, a private individual, went to the office of Mr.Diether Ocuarto, a customs broker, and represented themselves as agents of Moonglow Commercial Trading, an importer of children's clothes and toys. Mr.Gabisi and Mr.Yto engaged Mr.Ocuarto to prepare and file with the Bureau of Customs the necessary import entry and internal revenue declaration covering Moonglow's shipment. Mr Gabisi and Mr.Yto submitted to Mr.Ocuarto a packing list, a commercial invoice, a bill of lading and a sworn import duty declaration which declared the shipment as children's toys, the taxes and duties of which were computed at P60,000.00. Mr.Ocuarto filed the aforementioned documents with Manila International Container Port. However, before the shipment was released, a spot check was conducted by customs senior agent James Bandido, who discovered that the contents of the van (shipment) were not children's toys as declared in the shipping documents but 1,000 units of cassette recorders with taxes and duties computed at P600,000.00. A hold order and warrant of seizure and detention were then issued by the District Collector of Customs. Further investigation showed that Moonglow is non-existent. Consequently, Mr.Gabisi and Mr.Yto were charged with and convicted for violation of Sec.3(e) of R.A. 3019 which makes unlawful among others, for public officers to cause any undue injury to any party, including the government in the discharge of official functions through manifest partiality, evident bad faith or gross inexcusable negligence. In their motion for reconsideration, the accused alleged that the decision was erroneous because the crime was not consummated but was only at an attempted stage, and that in fact the government did not suffer any undue injury.

a. Is the contention of both accused correct? Explain.
b. Assuming that the attempted or frustrated stage of the violation charged is not punishable, may the accused be nevertheless convicted for an offense punished by the Revised Penal Code under the facts of the case? Explain.

Yes, the contention of the accused that the crime was not consummated is correct, RA 3019 is a special law punishing acts mala prohibita. As a rule, attempted violation of a  special law is not punished. Actual injury is required.

Yes, Both are liable for attempted Estafa thru Falsification of Commercial Documents, a complex crime.


2005 Bar Examination Question

Distinguish malum in se from malum prohibitum.

In crimes mala in se, an act is by nature wrong, evil or bad, and so generally condemned. The moral trait of the offender is involved; thus, good faith or lack of criminal intent on the part of the offender is a defense, unless the crime is the result of criminal negligence. Correspondingly, modifying circumstances are considered in punishing the  offender.

In crimes malum prohibitum, an act is not by nature wrong, evil or bad. Yet, it is  punished because there is a law prohibiting them for public good, and thus good faith or lack of criminal intent in doing the prohibited act is not a defense.

Congress moved to lower the minimum age of criminal responsibility

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There is a move to lower the minimum age of criminal responsibility from 15 years old to
9 years old.

Senator Nancy Binay strongly oppose this move. She said that "as a mother of 9 year old twins, alam ko na sa ganitong edad wala pa silang tamang kakayahan to decide kung ano ang tama at mali".

She further stated that even though we are serious in stopping juvenile crime, lowering  the age of criminal responsibility may not be the best way to save children who may have  gone astray. (nancy binay)

Hindi po lahat ng bata ay batang-hamog, at kaagad na lang ituturing na delinkwente pag  nagkamali. At hindi lahat ng batang nalihis ng landas ay agad na ituturing kriminal.

We are definitely missing the point regarding this issue. These manipulated youth are also victims. We need to strengthen our social systems and not only the penal system.

Hindi dapat na tratuhin na parang mga halang na kriminal ang mga bata. They don't deserve to be condemned by society. They are children. These kids are practically victims of circumstances.

Good point right?

But for the purpose of the incoming criminology licensure examination, please remember the following points:

1. Under R.A. 9344 or the Juvenile Justice And Welfare Act a minor 15 years and below is exempt from criminal liability.

2. Under R.A. 9344 a minor over 15 but below 18 who acted without discernment is exempt from criminal liability.

A minor over 15 but below 18 who acted with discernment shall be subjected to a diversion program.

DISCERNMENT – mental capacity to fully appreciate the consequences of the unlawful act, which is shown by the:
1. manner the crime was committed
2. conduct of the offender after its commission

3. Person Over 9 and Under 15 Acting Without Discernment

NOTE: Such minor must have acted without discernment to be exempt. If with discernment, he is criminally liable.
 
Presumption: The minor committed the crime without discernment.

4. There is absolute criminal irresponsibility in the case of a minor under 9 years of age.

Be a BJMP Officer

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Be a BJMP Officer | Image Owner: BJMP

The Bureau of Jail Management and Penology encourages those who are qualified to be a BJMP officer.

A Jail Officer 1 salary is Php 29,668 per month (basic) and Php 37,448 (gross).

The BJMP Regional office 1 in Camp Bgen Florendo in Parian, City of San Fernando,  La Union is recruiting.

For those who are interested.

The Bureau of Jail Management and Penology PRO-1 Personnel Records Management Division contact numbers are the following:
  • (072) 607-1174, (072) 607-3179
  • Globe: 0906-446-5680
  • Smart: 0920-590-4611
  • Sun: 0932-2572-6206


BJMP Regional X
F. Delima St., Lumbia, Cagayan de Oro City
Telephone No.0949-569-5883
Contact BJMPPRO-X, Personnel Records Management thru the number above, or any CRS officers near you for details.

Immediate Cause; Felonious Act; Criminal Liability

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Immediate Cause

The conduct of wife A aroused the ire of her husband B. Incensed with anger almost beyond his control, B could not help but inflict physical injuries on A. Moments after B started hitting A with his fists, A suddenly complained of severe chest pains. B realizing that A was indeed in serious trouble, immediately brought her to the hospital. Despite efforts to alleviate A's pains, she died of a heart attack. It turned out that she had been suffering from a lingering heart ailment.

What crime, if any, could B be held guilty of?

B could be held liable for parricide because his act of hitting his wife with his fist blows and therewith inflicting physical injuries on her, is felonious. A person committing a felonious act incurs criminal liability although the wrongful consequence is different from what he intended.(Art.4, par.1, Revised Penal Code)

Although A died of a heart attack, the said attack was generated by B's felonious act of hitting her with his fists. Such a felonious act was the immediate cause of the heart attack, having materially contributed to and hastened A's death. Even though B may have acted without intent to kill his wife, lack of such intent is of no moment when the victim dies. However, B may be given the mitigating circumstance of having acted without intent to commit so grave a wrong as that committed. (Art.13, par.3, Revised Penal Code)

June 2019 Criminologist Licensure Examination Results

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June 2019 Criminologist Licensure Examination Results
The Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) announces that 7,998 out of 20,797 passed the Criminologist Licensure Examination given by the Board of Criminology in the cities of Manila, Baguio, Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Iloilo, Legazpi, Lucena, Pagadian, Tacloban, Tuguegarao, and Zamboanga last June 2019.  The results of examination with respect to seven (7) examinees were withheld pending final determination of their liabilities under the rules and regulations governing licensure examination.

541 Criminology Schools participated in the examination.

ICCT Colleges Foundation, Inc. has the most number of examinees with 410.
The members of the Board of Criminology who gave the licensure examination are Hon. Ramil G. Gabao, Chairman; Hon. George O. Fernandez and Hon. Ruben A.
Sta. Teresa, Members.
 The results were released in thirteen (13) working days from the last day of examination.
From July 15 to July 23, 2019, registration for the issuance of Professional Identification Card (ID) and Certificate of Registration will be done online.  Please go to https://online.prc.gov.ph/ and follow instructions for initial registration.  Those who will register are required to bring the following: downloaded duly accomplished Oath Form or Panunumpa ng Propesyonal, notice of admission (for identification only), 2 pieces passport sized pictures (colored with white background and complete name tag), 2 sets of documentary stamps and 1 piece short brown envelope.  Successful examinees should personally register and sign in the Roster of Registered Professionals.
New passers are reminded of Section 19, Article III of R.A. 11131, states, to wit: “All successful candidates of the licensure examination shall take their oath of profession in person before the Board or any of its members, and with the APO in an oath-taking ceremony held for such purpose. Any person authorized by law may administer an oath to any successful examinees only upon membership of the APO prior to entering the practice of the profession”.
The dates and venues for the oathtaking ceremonies of the new successful examinees in the said examination WILL BE ANNOUNCED LATER.

 Related:

December 2018 Criminologist Licensure Examination Results

The Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) announces that 14,324 out of 41,341 passed the Criminologist Licensure Examination given by the Board of Criminology in the cities of

  • Manila, 
  • Antique, 
  • Baguio, 
  • Cagayan de Oro, 
  • Cebu, 
  • Cotabato, 
  • Davao,
  • General Santos, 
  • Iloilo, 
  • Legazpi, 
  • Lucena,
  • Occidental Mindoro, 
  • Pagadian,
  • Palawan,
  • Pangasinan,
  • Tacloban, 
  • Tuguegarao and 
  • Zamboanga 

last December 2018. The results of examination with respect to eleven (11) examinees were withheld pending final determination of their liabilities under the rules and regulations governing licensure examination.

List of Successfull Examinees
Top 10 Examinees
Top Performing Schools

The members of the Board of Criminology who gave the licensure examination are

  1. Hon. Ramil G. Gabao, Chairman; 
  2. Hon. George O. Fernandez and 
  3. Hon. Ruben A. Sta. Teresa, Members.

The results were released in fifteen (15) working days from the last day of examination.

From January 28 to February 6, 2019, registration for the issuance of Professional Identification Card (ID) and Certificate of Registration will be done on-line.

Please go to www.prc.gov.ph and follow instructions for initial registration.

Those who will register are required to bring the following:

  • downloaded duly accomplished Oath Form or Panunumpa ng Propesyonal, 
  • notice of admission (for identification only), 
  • 2 pieces passport sized pictures (colored with white background and complete name tag),
  • 2 sets of documentary stamps and
  • 1 piece short brown envelope.

Successful examinees should personally register and sign in the Roster of Registered Professionals.

The dates and venues for the oathtaking ceremonies of the new successful examinees in
the said examination WILL BE ANNOUNCED LATER. PRC

June 2019 Criminologist Licensure Examination Top Performing Schools

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June 2019 Top Criminology School

The Top Performing Schools in the June 2019 Criminologist Licensure Examination as per commission resolution no.2017-1058(C) series of 2017 are the following:

With 50 or more examinees and with at least 80% passing percentage.

No.1 University of the Cordilleras
         Total Number of Examinees: 101
         Total Number Passed: 101
         Passing Percentage: 100%

No.2 Lipa City Colleges
         Total Number of Examinees: 55
         Total Number Passed: 48
         Passing Percentage: 87.27%

No.3 Tarlac State University
         Total Number of Examinees: 50
         Total Number Passed: 43
         Passing Percentage: 86%

No.4 Cagayan De Oro College
         Total Number of Examinees: 168
         Total Number Passed: 140
         Passing Percentage: 83.33%

No.5 University of Baguio
         Total Number of Examinees: 80
         Total Number Passed: 64
         Passing Percentage: 80%

View the list of successful examinees

Top 10 Examinees



December 2018 Criminologist Licensure Examination Top Performing Schools

The top performing schools in the December 2018 Criminologist Licensure Examination as  per Commission Resolution No. 2010-547 series of 2010: (with 50 or more examinees and with at least 80% passing percentage)

No.1 TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY (TARLAC COLLEGE OF TECH.) 57 56 98.25%
         Total Number of Examinees - 57
         Total Number Passed - 56
         Passing Percentage - 98.25%

No.2 KING'S COLL. OF THE PHILIPPINES-BAMBANG INC.(ELC, INC)
         Total Number of Examinees - 53
         Total Number Passed - 51
         Passing Percentage - 96.23%

No.3 CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY (DON SEVERINO AGR'L. COLL.)
         Total Number of Examinees - 65
         Total Number Passed - 62
         Passing Percentage - 95.38%

No.4 UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS (FOR.BAGUIO C.F.)
         Total Number of Examinees - 63
         Total Number Passed - 60
         Passing Percentage - 95.24%

No.5 KING'S COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES INC.- BENGUET (FOR E.L.C)
         Total Number of Examinees - 52
         Total Number Passed - 47
         Passing Percentage - 90.38%

No.6 LAGUNA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIV-SN PABLO(LSPC)
         Total Number of Examinees - 51
         Total Number Passed - 44
         Passing Percentage - 86.27%

No.7 DATA CENTER COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES-LAOAG CITY
         Total Number of Examinees - 71
         Total Number Passed - 57
         Passing Percentage - 80.28%

List of successful examinees
Top 10 Examinees

June 2019 Criminologist Licensure Examination Top 10

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June 2019 Criminologist Licensure Examination Top 10 Examinees

The successful examinees who garnered the 10 highest places in the June 2019 Criminologists Licensure Examination are the following:

1st Place: John Bonrev Roi Rodas 90.50%
                 Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation - Lucena City

2nd Place: Alben Deposa Ponso 90.10%
                  Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology

3rd Place: Rosanie Galve Bulacja 89.95%
                 Bago City College

4th Place: Claire Daguasi Rufino 89.85%
                 University of Baguio

5th Place: Raul Jala Palen 89.75%
                 University of Mindanao - Tagum

6th Place: Khevin Dave Torpio Espinosa 89.70%
                 University of Mindanao - Tagum

                 Aron Laurel Labog 89.70%
                 Bestlink College of the Philippines

7th Place: Joemar Bulig Cervantes 89.60%
                 University of Mindanao - Davao City

8th Place: Angelo Lorenzo Ternio Andrada 89.30%
                 Central Mindanao Colleges

                 Sheila Rose Ann Ud-ulon Balangue 89.30%
                 University of the Cordilleras

9th Place: Eric Molejon Bosquit 89.00
                 Cagayan De Oro College

10th Place: Jem Erielle Garcia Tolentino 88.95%
                  Bataan Heroes Memorial College


View the List of successful examinees

Top Performing Criminology Schools


December 2018 Criminologist Licensure Examination Top 10 Examinees

The successful examinees who garnered the ten (10) highest places in the December 2018 Criminologist Licensure Examination are the following:

1st Placer - ELLA JEANNE CHAVEZ SALVADOR
                    UNIVERSIDAD DE ZAMBOANGA (for.ZAEC) - 91.15

2nd Placer - CHRISTINE JOY SUDLA MIRANDA
                     ARAULLO UNIVERSITY - 90.90

3rd Placer - PHILIP DOMINIC MORENO PENDANG
                     UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO-DAVAO CITY - 90.65

4th Placer - RIZALENE DURAN TATAD
                    UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO-BANSALAN - 90.25

5th Placer - KIMBERLY VILLARE CRUZ
                    PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY - 90.05

6th Placer - VICENTE LAVADOR GUMAPAC
                    UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO-TAGUM - 89.90

7th Placer - CHERRYFE MARQUITA ESPAÑA
                    UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO-DAVAO CITY - 89.85

8th Placer - PRESCO SANTOS BABAD JR
                    BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY (for.BCAT)-MALOLOS - 89.75

9th Placer - RACHMA MUCSAN JUDA
                    DAVAO CENTRAL COLLEGE - 89.65

10th Placer - ROSS ACHILLES CASBADILLO CORTINA
                      BATAAN HEROES MEMORIAL COLLEGE - 89.60


December 2018 Criminologist Licensure Examination list of successful examinees
December 2018 Criminologist Licensure Examination Top Performing Schools

What is an impossible crime?

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2000 Bar Examination Question (Impossible Crime)

1. What is an impossible crime?
2. Is an impossible crime really a crime?

1. An impossible crime is an act which would be an offense against person or property, were it not for the inherent impossibility of its accomplishment or on account of the employment of inadequate or ineffectual means. (Art.4, par.2 RPC)

2. No, an impossible crime is not really a crime. It is only so-called because the act gives rise to criminal liability. But actually, no felony is committed. The accused is to be punished for his criminal tendency o propensity although no crime was committed.


Bar Examination 2004

OZ and YO were both courting their co-employee, SUE. Because of their bitter rivalry, OZ decided to get rid of YO bu poisoning him. OZ poured a substance into YO's coffee thinking it was arsenic. It turned out that the substance was white sugar substitute known as Equal. Nothing happened to YO after he drank the coffee.

What criminal liability did OZ incur, if any? Explain briefly.

OZ incurred criminal liability for an impossible crime of murder. Criminal liability shall be incurred by any person performing an act which would be an offense against person or property, were it not for the inherent impossibility of its accomplishment or on account of the employment of inadequate or ineffectual means.(Art.4, par.2 RPC).

In the problem given, the impossibility of accomplishing the crime of murder, a crime against persons, was due to the employment of ineffectual means which OZ thought was poison. The law imputes criminal liability to the offender although no crime resulted, only to suppress his criminal propensity because subjectively, he is a criminal though objectively, no crime was committed.


1994 Bar Exam Question

JP, Aries and Randal planned to kill Elsa, a resident of Barangay Pula, Laurel, Batangas. They asked the assistance of Ella, who is familiar with the place.

On April 3, 1992, at about 10:00 in the evening, JP, Aries and Randal, all armed with automatic weapons, went to Barangay Pula. Ella, being the guide, directed her companions to the room in the house of Elsa. Whereupon, JP, Aries and Randal fired their guns at her room. Fortunately, Elsa was not around as she attended a prayer meeting that evening in another barangay in Laurel.

JP, et al, were charged and convicted of attempted murder by the Regional Trial Court at Tanauan, Batangas.

On appeal to the Court of Appeals, all the accused ascribed to the trial court the sole error of finding them guilty of attempted murder. If you were the ponente, how will you  decide the appeal?

If I were the ponente, I will set aside the judgment convicting the accused of attempted murder and instead find them guilty of impossible crime under Art.4, par.2, RPC, in  relation to Art.59, RPC. Liability for impossible crime arise not only when the  impossibility is legal, but likewise when it is factual or physical impossibility, as in the case at bar. Elsa's absence from the house is a physical impossibility which renders  the crime intended inherently incapable of accomplishment. To convict the accused of attempted murder would make Art.4, par.2 practically useless as all circumstances which prevented the consummation of the offense will be treated as an incident independent of the actor's will which is an element of attempted or frustrated felony.(Intod vs. Ca, 215 SCRA 52)


1998 Bar Exam Question

Buddy always resented his classmate, Jun. One day, Buddy planned to kill Jun by mixing poison in his lunch. Not knowing where he can get poison, he approached another classmate, Jerry to whom he disclosed his evil plan. Because he himself harbored resentment towards Jun, Jerry gave Buddy a poison, which Buddy placed on Jun's food. However, Jun did not die because unknown to both Buddy and Jerry, the poison was actually powdered milk.

1. What crime or crimes, if any, did Jerry and Buddy commit?
2. Suppose that, because of his severe allergy to powdered milk, Jun has to be hospitalized for 10 days for ingesting it. Would your answer to the first question be the same?

1. Jerry and Buddy are liable for the so-called "impossible crime" because, with intent to kill, they tried to poison Jun and thus perpetrated murder, a crime against person. Jun was not poisoned only because the would be killers were unaware that what they mixed with the food of Jun was powdered milk, not poison. In short, the act done with criminal intent by Jerry and Buddy, would have constituted a crime against person were it not for the inherent inefficacy of the means employed. Criminal liability is incurred by them although no crime resulted, because their act act of trying to poison Jun is criminal.

2. No, the answer would not be the same as above. Jerry and Buddy would be liable instead for less serious physical injuries for causing the hospitalization and medical attendance for 10 days to Jun. Their act of mixing with the food eaten by Jun the matter which required such medical attendance, committed with criminal intent, renders them liable for the resulting injury.


2000 Bar Examination Question

Carla, 4 years old, was kidnapped by Enrique, th tricycle driver paid by her parents to bring and fetch her to and from school. Enrique wrote a ransom note demanding P500,000.00 from Carla's parents in exchange for Carla's freedom. Enrique sent the ransom note by mail. However, before the ransom note was received by Carla's parents, Enrique's hideout was discovered by the police. Carla was rescued while Enrique was arrested and incarcerated. Considering that the ransom note was not received by Carla's parents, the investigating prosecutor merely filed a case of "impossible crime to commit kidnapping" against Enrique.

Is the prosecutor correct? Why?

No, the prosecutor is not correct in filing a case for "impossible crime to commit kidnapping" against Enrique. Impossible crimes are limited only to acts which when  performed would be a crime against person or property. As kidnapping is a crime against personal security and not against persons or property, Enrique could not have incurred an "impossible crime" to commit kidnapping. There is thus no impossible crime of kidnapping.

Proximate Cause; Felonious Act; Criminal Liability

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Proximate Cause | Felonious Act | Criminal Liability

Vicente hacked Anacleto with a bolo but the latter was able to parry it with his hand, causing upon him a two-inch wound on his right palm. Vicente was not able to hack Anacleto further because three policemen arrived and threatened to shoot Vicente if he did not drop his bolo. Vicente was accordingly charged by the police at the prosecutor's office for attempted homicide. Twenty-five days later, while the preliminary investigation was in progress, Anacleto was rushed to the hospital because of symptoms of tetanus infection on the two-inch wound inflicted by Vicente. Anacleto died the following day.

Can Vicente be eventually charged with homicide for the death of Anacleto? Explain.

Yes, Vicente may be charged of homicide for the death of Anacleto, unless the tetanus infection which developed 25 days later, was bough about by an efficient supervening cause. Vicente's felonious act of causing a two-inch wound on Anacleto's right palm may still be regarded as the proximate cause of the latter's death because without such  wound, no tetanus infection could develop from the victim's right palm, and without such tetanus infection the victim would not have died with it.


Proximate Cause (1994 Bar Exam Question)

Bhey eloped with Scott. Whereupon, Bey's father, Robin, and brother, Rustom, went to Scott's house. Upon reaching the house, Rustom inquired from Scott about his sister's whereabouts, while Robin shouted and threatened to kill Scott. The latter then went downstairs but Rustom held his (Scott's) waist. Meanwhile Olive, the elder sister of Scott, carrying her 2-month old child, approached Rustom and Scott to pacify them. Olive attempted to remove Rustom's hand from Scott's waist. But Rustom pulled Olive's hand  causing her to fall over her baby. The baby then died moments later.

Is Rustom criminally liable for the death of the child?

Yes, Rustom is criminally liable for the death of the child because his felonious act was the proximate cause of such death. It was Rustom's act of pulling Olive's hand which  caused the latter the fall on her baby. Had it not been for the said act of Rustom, which is undoubtedly felonious (at least slight coercion) there was no cause for Olive to fall ever her baby. In short, Rustom's felonious act is the cause of the evil caused. Any person performing a felonious act is criminally liable for the direct, natural, and logical consequence thereof although different from what he intended.(Art.4, Par.1, RPC;
People vs. Pugay. et al, GR No.74324, Nov.18,1988)


Proximate Cause (1997 Bar Examination Question)

While the crew of a steamer prepared to raise anchor at the Pasig River, A, evidently impatient with the progress of work, began to use abusive language against the men. B, one of the members of the crew, remonstrated saying that they could work best if they were not insulted. A took B's attitude as a display of insubordination and, rising in a rage, moved towards B wielding a big knife and threatened to stab B. At the instant when A was only a few feet from B, the latter, apparently believing himself to be in great  and imminent peril, threw himself into the water, disappeared beneath the surface, and
drowned.

May A be held criminally liable for the death of B?

Yes. A can be held criminally liable for the death of B, Article 4 of the Revised Penal Code provides in part that criminal liability shall be incurred by any person committing a felony although the wrongful act done be different from that which he intended.

In US vs. Valdez, 41 Phil. 497, where the victim who was threatened by the accused with a knife, jump into the river but because of the strong current or because he did not know how to swim, he drowned, the Supreme Court affirmed the conviction for homicide of the accused because, if a person against whom a criminal assault is directed believes  himself to be in danger of death or great bodily harm and in order to escape jumps into the water, impelled by the instinct of self-preservation, the assailant is responsible for the homicide in case death results by drowning.


Proximate Cause (1999 Bar Examination Question)

During the robbery in a dwelling house, one of the culprits happened to fire his gun upward in the ceiling without meaning to kill anyone. The owner of the house who was hiding thereat was hit and killed as a result.

The defense theorized that the killing was a mere accident and was not perpetrated in connection with, or for purposes of, the robbery.

Will you sustain the defense? Why?

No, I will not sustain the defense. The act being felonious and the proximate cause of the victim's, the offender is liable therefore although it may not be intended or  different from what he intended. The offender shall be prosecuted for the composite  crime of robbery with homicide, whether the killing was intentional or accidental, as long as the killing was on occasion of the robbery.


2001 Bar Examination Question 

Luis Cruz was deeply hurt when his offer of love was rejected by his girlfriend  Marivella one afternoon when he visited her. When he left her house, he walked as if  he was sleepwalking so much so that a teenage snatcher was able to grab his cell phone and flee without being chased by Luis. At the next LRT station, he boarded one of the coaches bound for Baclaran. While seated, he happened to read a newspaper left on the seat and noticed that the headlines were about the sinking of the Super Ferry while on its way to Cebu. He went over the list of missing passengers who were presumed dead and came across the name of his grandfather who had raised him from childhood after he was orphaned. He was shocked and his mind went blank for a few minutes, after which he ran amuck and,
using his balisong, started stabbing at the passengers who then scampered away, with  three of them jumping out of the train and landing on the road below. All the three passengers died later of their injuries at the hospital.

Is Luis liable for the death of the three passengers who jumped out of the moving train? State your reasons.

Yes, Luis is liable for their death because he was committing a felony when he started stabbing at the passengers and such wrongful act was the proximate cause of said passengers' jumping out of the train; hence their deaths.

Under Article 4, Revised Penal Code, any person committing a felony shall incur criminal liability although the wrongful act done be different from that which he intended. In this case, the death of the three passengers was the direct, natural, and logical consequence of Luis' felonious act which created an imminent sense of danger in the minds of said passengers who tried to avoid or escape from it by jumping out of the train.(People vs. Arpa, 27 SCRA 1037; US vs. Valdez, 41 Phil. 497)


2004 Bar Exam Question

On his way home from office, ZZ rode in a jeepney. Subsequently, XX boarded the same jeepney. Upon reaching a secluded spot in QC, XX pulled out a grenade from his bag and announced a hold-up. He told ZZ to surrender his watch, wallet and cellphone. Fearing for his life, ZZ jumped out of the vehicle. But as he fell, his head hit the pavement, causing his instant death.

Is XX liable for ZZ's death? Explain briefly.

Yes, XX is liable for ZZ's death because his act of pulling out a grenade and announcing a hold-up, coupled with a demand for the watch, wallet and cellphone of ZZ is felonious, and such felonious act was the proximate cause of ZZ's jumping out of the jeepney, resulting in the latter's death. Stated otherwise, the  death of ZZ was the direct, natural and logical consequence of XX's felonious act which created an immediated sense of danger in the mind of ZZ who tried to avoid such danger by jumping out of the jeepney. (People vs. Arpa, 27 SCRA 1037).

Felonious Act of Scaring; Criminal Liability

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Felonious Act of Scaring (1996 Bar Examination Question)

Alexander, an escaped convict, ran amuck on board a Superlines bus bound for Manila from Bicol and killed ten (10) persons. Terrified by the incident, Carol and Benjamin who are passengers of the bus, jumped out of the window and while lying unconscious after  hitting the pavement of the road, were ran over and crushed to death by a fast moving Desert Fox bus tailing the Superlines bus.

Can Alexander be held liable for the death of Carol and Benjamin although he was completely unaware that the two jumped out of the bus? Explain.

Yes, Alexander can be held liable for the death of Carol and Benjamin because of felonious act of running was the proximate cause of the victim's death. The rule is that when a person, by a felonious act, generates in the mind of another a sense of imminent danger, prompting the latter to escape from or avoid such danger and in the process, sustain injuries or dies, the person committing the felonious act is responsible for  such injuries or death.(US vs. Valdez, 41 Phil 1497; People vs. Apra, 27 SCRA 1037)


 Felonious Act of Scaring (2001 Bar Examination Question)

Maryjane has two suitors, Felipe and Cesar. She did not openly show her preference but on two occasions, accepted Cesar's invitation to concerts by Regine and Pops. Felipe was a working student and could only ask Maryjane to see a movie which was declined. Felipe felt insulted and made plans to get even with Cesar by scaring him off somehow. One day, he entered Cesar's room in their boarding house and placed a rubber snake which appeared to be real in Cesar's backpack. Because Cesar has weak heart, he suffered a heart attack upon opening his backpack and seeing the snake. Cesar died without regaining consciousness. The police investigation resulted in pinpointing Felipe as the culprit and he was charged with Homicide for Cesar's death. In his defense, Felipe claimed that he
did not know about Cesar's weak heart and that he only intended to be play a practical joke on Cesa.

Is Felipe liable for the death of Cesar or will his defense prosper? Why?

Yes, Felipe is liable for the death of Cesar but he shall be given the mitigating circumstance that he did not intend to commit so grave a wrong as that which was  committed.(Art.13 par.3 RPC).

When Felipe intruded into Cesar's room without the latter's consent and took liberty with the latter's backpack where he placed the rubber snake. Felipe was already  committing a felony and any act done by him while committing a felony is no less wrongful, considering that they were part of "plans to get even with Cesar".

Felipe's claim that he intended only "to play a practical joke on Cesar does not persuade, considering that they are not friends but in fact rivals in courting Maryjane. This case is parallel to the case of People vs. Pugay et. al.

Alternative Answer:

No, Felipe is not liable because the act of frightening another is not a crime. What he did may be wrong, but not all wrongs amount to a crime. Because the act which caused the death of Cesar is not a crime, no criminal liability may arise therefrom.


Felonious Act of Scaring (2005 Bar Examination Question)

Belle saw Gaston stealing the prized cock of a neighbor and reported him to the police. Thereafter, Gaston, while driving a car saw Belle crossing the street. Incensed that  Belle had reported him, Gaston decided to scare her by trying to make it appear that he was about to run her over. He revved the engine of his car and drove towards her but he applied the brakes. Since the road was slippery at that time, the vehicle skidded and hit Belle causing her death.

Was Gaston criminally liable? What is the liability of Gaston? Why?

Yes, Gaston is liable for Belle's death because even though Gaston has no intent to kill Belle rather just to scare Belle. "To Scare" does not indicate intent to kill. However, under Art.4 of the Revised Penal Code, provides in part that criminal liability shall be incurred by any person committing a felony although the wrongful act done be different from that which he intended. In other words, the rule is that when a person, by a felonious act, generates in the mind of another a sense of imminent danger, prompting the latter to escape from or avoid such danger and in the process, sustains injuries or dies, the person committing the felonious act is responsible for such injuries or death.
(US vs. Valdez, 41 Phil 1497; People vs. Apra, 27 SCRA 1037)

Alternative Answer:

Yes, Gaston is liable for Belle's death because by his acts of revving the engine of his car and driving towards Belle is felonious, and such felonious act was the proximate cause of the vehicle to skid and hit Belle, resulting in the latter's death. Stated otherwise, the death of Belle was the direct, natural, and logical consequence of Gaston's felonious act.(People vs. Arpa, 27 SCRA 1037)

Criminal Liability; Destructive Arson

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A, B, C, and D, all armed with armalites, proceeded to the house of X. Y, a neighbor of X, who happened to be passing by, pointed to the four culprits the room that X occupied. The four culprits peppered the room with bullets. Unsatisfied, A even threw a hand grenade that totally destroyed X's room. However, unknown to the four culprits, X was not inside the room and nobody was hit or injured during the incident.

Are A, B, C, and D liable for any crime? Explain.

Yes. A, B, C, and D are liable for destructive arson because of the destruction of the  room of X with the use of an explosive, the hand grenade. Liability for an impossible crime is to be imposed only if the act committed would not constitute any other crime  under the Revised Penal Code.

Although the fact involved are parallel to the case of Intod vs. Court of Appeals (215 SCRA 52), where it was ruled that the liability of the offender was for an  impossible crime, no hand grenade was used in said case, which constitutes a more serious crime though different from what was intended.

What is the doctrine of implied conspiracy?

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The doctrine of implied conspiracy holds two or more persons participating in the commission of a crime collectively responsible and liable as co-conspirators although absent any agreement to that effect, when they act in concert, demonstrating unity of criminal intent and a common purpose or objective. The existence of a conspiracy shall be inferred or deduced from their criminal participation in pursuing the crime and thus the act of one shall be deemed the act of all.

State the concept of "implied conspiracy" and give its legal effects?

An "implied conspiracy" is one which is only inferred or deduced from the manner the participants in the commission of crime carried out its execution. Where the offenders acted in concert in the commission of the crime, meaning that their acts are coordinated or synchronized in a way indicative that they are pursuing a common criminal objective, they shall be deemed to be acting in conspiracy and their criminal liability shall be collective, not individual.

The legal effects of an "implied conspiracy" are
1. Not all those who are present at the scene of the crime will be considered co-conspirators;
2. Only those who participated by criminal acts in the commission of the crime will be considered as co-conspirators;
3. Mere acquiescence to or approval of the commission of the crime, without any act of criminal participation, shall not render one criminally liable as co-conspirator.

Conspiracy; Flight to Evade Apprehension

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Flight to Evade Apprehension

A and B, both store janitors, planned to kill their employer C, at midnight and take the money kept in the cash register. A and B together drew the sketch of the store, where they knew C would be sleeping, and planned the sequence of their attack. Shortly before midnight, A and B were ready to carry out the plan. When A was about to lift C's  Mosquito net to thrust his dagger, a police car with sirens blaring passed by. Scared, B ran out of the store and fled, while A went on to stab C to death, put the money in the bag, and ran outside to look for B. The latter was nowhere in sight. Unknown to him, B had already left the place.

What was the participation and corresponding criminal liability of each, if any?

There was an express conspiracy between A and B to kill C and take the latter's money. The planned killing and taking of the money appears to be intimately related as component  crimes, hence a special complex crime of Robbery with Homicide. The conspiracy being expressed, not just implied, A and B are bound as co-conspirators after they have planned and agreed on the sequence of their attack even before they committed the crime. Therefore, the principle in law that when there is conspiracy, the act of one is the act of all, already governs them. In fact, A and B were already in the store to carry out their criminal plan.

That B ran out of the store and fled upon hearing the sirens of the police car, is not spontaneous desistance but flight to evade apprehension. It would be different if B then tried to stop A from continuing with the commission of the crime; he did not. So the act of A in pursuing the commission of the crime which both he and B designed, planned, and commenced to commit, would also be the act of B because of their expressed conspiracy. Both are liable for the composite crime of Robbery with Homicide.

Alternative Answer;

A shall incur full criminal liability for the crime of Robbery with Homicide, but B shall not incur criminal liability because he desisted. B's spontaneous desistance made before all acts of executions are performed, is exculpatory. Conspiracy to rob and kill is not per se punishable.

The desistance need not be actuated by remorse or good motive. It is enough that the  discontinuance comes from the person who has begun the commission of the crime but before all acts of execution are performed. A person who has began the commission of a crime but desisted, is absolved from criminal liability as a reward to one, who having set foot on the verge of crime, heeds the call of his conscience and return to the path of righteousness.

Conspiracy; Complex Crime with Rape

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Jose, Domingo, Manolo, and Fernando, armed with bolos, at about one o'clock in the  morning, robbed a house at a desolate place where Danilo, his wife, and three daughters were living. While the four were in the process of ransacking Danilo's house, Fernando, noticing that one of Danilo's daughters was trying to get away, ran after her and finally caught up with her in a thicket (a dense group of bushes or trees), somewhat distant from  the house. Fernando, before bringing back the daughter to the house, raped her first. Thereafter, the four carted away the belongings of Danilo and his family.

a. What crime did Jose, Domingo, Manolo, and Fernando commit?

b. Suppose, after the robbery, the four took turns in raping the daughters of Danilo inside the latter's house, but before they left, they killed the whole family to prevent identification, what crime did the four commit?

a. Jose, Domingo, and Manolo committed robbery, while Fernando committed complex crime  of Robbery with Rape. Conspiracy can be inferred from the manner the offenders committed the robbery but the rape was committed by Fernando at a place distant from the house where the robbery was committed, not in the presence of the other conspirators. Hence, Fernando, alone should answer for the rape, rendering him liable for the special complex crime.(People vs. Canturia et. al, G.R.108490, 22 June 1995)

b. The crime would be Robbery with Homicide (implied: there is still conspiracy)

Conspiracy; Common Felonious Purpose

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Common Felonious Purpose

At about 9:30 in the evening, while Dino and Raffy were walking along Padre Faura street, Manila, Johnny hit them with a rock injuring Dino at the back. Raffy approached Dino, but suddenly, Bobby, Steve, Danny, and Nonoy surrounded the duo. Then Bobby stabbed Dino. Steve, Danny, Nonoy, and Johnny kept on hitting Dino and Raffy with rocks. As a result, Dino died. Bobby, Steve, Danny, Nonoy, and Johnny were charged with homicide.

Is there conspiracy in this case?

Yes, there is conspiracy among the offenders, as manifested by there concerted actions against the victims, demonstrating a common felonious purpose of assaulting the victims. The existence of the conspiracy can be inferred or deduced from the manner the offenders acted in commonly attacking Dino and Raffy with rocks, thereby demonstrating a unit of  criminal design to inflict harm on their victims.

Conspiracy, Co-Conspirator | 1998 Bar Exam Question

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Conspiracy, Co-Conspirator | 1998 Bar Exam Question

 Juan and Arturo devised a plan to murder Joel. In a narrow alley near Joel's house, Juan will hide behind the big lamppost and shoot Joel when the latter passes through on his way to work. Arturo will come from the other end of the alley and simultaneously shoot Joel from behind.

On the appointed day, Arturo was apprehended by the authorities before reaching the alley. When Juan Shot Joel as planned, he was unaware that Arturo was arrested earlier.

Discuss the criminal liability of Arturo, if any.


Suggested Answer:


Arturo, being one of the two who devised the plan to murder Joel, thereby becomes a co-principal by direct conspiracy. What is needed only is an overt act and both will incur criminal liability.

Arturo's liability as a conspirator arose from his participation in jointly devising the criminal plan with Juan, to kill Jose. And it was pursuant to that conspiracy that Juan killed Joel.

The conspiracy here is actual, not by inference only. The overt act was done pursuant to that conspiracy whereof Arturo is co-conspirator. There being a conspiracy, the act of one  is the act of all.

Arturo therefore, should be liable as a co-conspirator but the penalty on him may be that of an accomplice only. (People vs. Nierra, 96 SCRA 1; People vs. Medrano, 114 SCRA 335) because he was not able to actually participate in the shooting of Joel, having been apprehended before reaching the place where the crime was committed.


Alternative Answer:


Arturo is not liable because he was not able to participate in the killing of Joel. Conspiracy itself is not punishable unless expressly provided  by law and this is not true in the case of murder. A co-conspirator must perform an overt act pursuant to the conspiracy.

Father of Podoscopy | Edmond Locard

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Father of Podoscopy

Edmond Locard is considered as the father of Poroscopy. He is also considered as the father of Podoscopy.

Podoscopy is the scientific examination or study of the soles of the feet.

The Father of Podoscopy, Edmond Locard, was a forensic scientist, popularly regarded as  the “Sherlock Holmes of France”.

Born in Saint-Chamond on November 13, 1877, Locard studied medicine in Lyon. His  interests ultimately branched to include science and medicine in legal matters.

He began his professional career by assisting Alexandre Lacassagne, a criminologist  and professor. Locard eventually partnered with anthropologist Alphonse Bertillon, who was known for his system of identifying criminals based on their body measurements.

During World War I Locard worked with the French Secret Service as a medical examiner.  He identified the cause and location of soldiers’ deaths by analyzing their uniforms. In 1910 the Lyon Police Department granted Locard the opportunity to create the first  crime investigation laboratory where he could analyze evidence from crime scenes in a  previously unused attic space. Over his lifetime, Locard wrote many publications, the  most famous being his seven-volume series, Traité de Criminalistique  (Treaty of Criminalistics).

Locard is considered a pioneer of forensic science and criminology. He developed multiple  methods of forensic analysis that are still in use. He contributed considerable research  into dactylography, or the study of fingerprints, hence the title, father of podoscopy  as well as the father of poroscopy.

Locard believed that if twelve points of comparison could be found between two fingerprints then that would be enough for a positive identification. This was adopted  as a preferred means of identification over Bertillon’s method of anthropometry.

Locard’s most famous contribution to forensic science is known today as “Locard’s Exchange Principle”. According to Locard, “it is impossible for a criminal to act,  especially considering the intensity of a crime, without leaving traces of this presence”.

This means that when an individual commits a crime they leave a trace of themselves at the scene while simultaneously taking something from the scene when they leave. Modern forensic science classifies this phenomenon as trace evidence.

Locard continued to research forensic science techniques until his death on May 4, 1966.
(crimemuseum.org.)


Avoidance of Greater Evil | Conspiracy

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Avoidance of Greater Evil

BB and CC, both armed with knives, attacked FT. The victim's son, ST, upon seeing the attack, drew his gun but was prevented from shooting the attackers by AA, who grappled with him for possession of the gun.

FT died from knife wounds. AA, BB, and CC were charged with murder.

In his defense, AA invoked the justifying circumstance of avoidance of greater evil or injury, contending that by preventing ST from shooting BB and CC, he merely avoided a greater evil.

Will AA's defense prosper?

No, AA's defense will not prosper because obviously there was a conspiracy among BB, CC, and AA, such that the principle that when there is a conspiracy, the act of one is the  act of all, shall govern.

The act of ST, the victim's son, appears to be a legitimate defense of relatives; hence, justified as a defense of his father against the unlawful aggression by BB and CC. ST's act to defend his father's life, cannot be regarded as an evil inasmuch as it is, in the eyes of the law, a lawful act.

What AA did was to stop a lawful defense, not greater evil, to allow BB and CC achieve their criminal objective of stabbing FT.

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