On

Criminological Research Review Questions 1


1. A researcher must ensure that all sources cited throughout a study—such as books, journals, and online articles—are properly listed. Which section of the research paper is being described?

A. Reference materials

B. Curriculum Vitae

C. Reference list

D. Appendix


Answer: C



2. Which section of a research paper is located at the very end of the document and contains supplementary or detailed materials—such as raw data, blank survey questionnaires, or sample consent letters—that support the study?

A. Reference materials

B. Curriculum Vitae

C. Reference list

D. Appendix


Answer: D



3. Which section of a research study or dissertation provides a detailed summary of the researcher's educational background, professional history, academic publications, and credentials?

A. Reference materials

B. Curriculum Vitae

C. Reference list

D. Appendix


Answer: B



4. When conducting a literature review, a criminologist may consult dictionaries, encyclopedias, almanacs, or legal indexes to find quick background information or definitions. What category of background library resources does this describe?

A. Reference materials

B. Curriculum Vitae

C. Reference list

D. Appendix


Answer: A



5. In a study investigating 'The Impact of Police Visibility on the Crime Rate in Metro Manila,' what type of variable is 'Police Visibility'?

A. Confounding variable

B. Dependent variable

C. Independent variable

D. Intervening variable


Answer: C



6. A criminologist conducts a study by diving deep into the lived experiences of modern-day piracy survivors through face-to-face, unstructured interviews. What research design is being utilized?

A. Qualitative design

B. Experimental design

C. Correlational design

D. Quantitative design


Answer: A



7. Which probability sampling technique involves dividing the target population into distinct sub-groups based on shared traits—such as rank, gender, or crime type—before randomly selecting participants from each sub-group?

A. Purposive sampling

B. Cluster sampling

C. Snowball sampling

D. Stratified random sampling


Answer: D



8. When a researcher copies a paragraph verbatim from a Supreme Court ruling or a published criminological journal without using quotation marks or providing proper attribution, what ethical violation is committed?

A. Fabrication

B. Falsification

C. Plagiarism

D. Malpractice


Answer: C



9. Where should a researcher place bulky items such as the actual survey questionnaires, sample informed consent forms, or endorsement letters signed by the PNP Regional Director?

A. Theoretical Framework

B. Reference list

C. Appendix

D. Introduction


Answer: C



10. A researcher collects numerical data representing the monthly number of recorded theft cases from ten different police precincts over five years. What type of data is being gathered?

A. Quantitative data 

B. Nominal data

C. Subjective data

D. Qualitative data


Answer: A



11. To understand the underground operations of illegal drug syndicates, a researcher blends into a high-risk community and actively participates in day-to-day interactions without revealing their identity. What data collection method is being applied?

A. Structured interview

B. Covert participant observation

C. Overt participant observation

D. Focus group discussion


Answer: A



12. A thesis tracking the rehabilitation progress of inmates utilizes a sampling method where the researcher intentionally selects individuals who have served at least ten years in prison. What non-probability sampling technique is this? 

A. Simple random sampling

B. Convenience sampling

C. Purposive sampling

D. Quota sampling


Answer: C



13. Which section of Chapter 1 in a standard line-by-line research outline explicitly sets the boundaries of the study by stating what is included and what is deliberately excluded?

A. Scope and Delimitation

B. Statement of the Problem

C. Definition of Terms

D. Significance of the Study


Answer: A



14. Before administering a survey to active police officers, a researcher conducts a small-scale trial run with ten non-participating officers to check if the questions are clear and consistent. What is this trial run called?

A. Pilot testing

B. Data editing

C. Triangulation

D. Sampling frame evaluation


Answer: A



15. A research paper includes a section that visualizes the logical relationship between variables using a schematic diagram, often called a paradigm. What is this section?

A. Conceptual Framework

B. Historical Research Design

C. Research Abstract

D. Review of Related Literature


Answer: A



16. What level of data measurement classifies variable attributes into distinct categories with a strict, meaningful rank or hierarchical progression, such as military or police ranks (e.g., Patrolman, Corporal, Sergeant)?

A. Ratio level

B. Nominal level

C. Interval level

D. Ordinal level


Answer: D



17. If a researcher alters or manipulates actual crime statistics in their final report to make a newly implemented community policing program look more successful than it actually was, what research misconduct is committed?

A. Duplication

B. Plagiarism

C. Fabrication

D. Falsification


Answer: D



18. A criminological study seeks to determine if a correlation exists between an individual's family income level and their likelihood of recidivism. What type of research design is this?

A. Phenomenological design

B. Correlational design

C. Descriptive design

D. Experimental design


Answer: B



19. Which component of a research paper's methodology section details the total population from which samples are drawn, along with the precise mathematical formula or technique used to select respondents?

A. Research Instrument

B. Population and Sampling

C. Data Gathering Procedure

D. Statistical Treatment of Data


Answer; B



20. A researcher designs a new survey questionnaire to measure the level of job burnout among jail guards. Before deployment, they submit the questionnaire to a panel of three seasoned jail wardens and two senior criminologists to verify if the questions accurately cover all dimensions of workplace stress. What specific type of validation is being conducted?

A. Predictive Validity

B. Content Validity

C. Reliability Testing

D. Criterion-related Validity


Answer: B



21. Which research design involves the statistical synthesis of findings from multiple independent studies to reach a single conclusion?

A. Case study

B. Survey research

C. Cohort study

D. Meta-analysis


Answer: D. Meta-analysis is specifically designed to combine the results of several studies to identify overall trends or effects.

Meta-analysis is a quantitative research technique that combines the statistical results of multiple independent studies addressing the same research question to produce an overall estimate of the effect.


Meta-analysis is a research method that combines and statistically analyzes the results of multiple independent studies addressing the same research question. Since the question states that the researcher uses multiple studies to examine the relationship between smoking cessation and longevity, the design is a meta-analysis.

Cohort – Follows a group of people over time to observe outcomes.

Random – This is not a research design by itself. It may refer to random sampling or a randomized controlled trial.

Case study – An in-depth investigation of a single individual, group, or event.



22. A researcher follows a group of individuals who shared a common experience in 2020 to see how it affects their criminal behavior over ten years. What is this called?

A. Experimental study

B. Quasi-experiment

C. Cohort study

D. Cross-sectional study


Answer: C. A cohort study tracks a specific group (the cohort) with shared characteristics over a period of time.

A cohort study follows a group of individuals (a cohort) who share a common characteristic or experience over time to observe outcomes.



23. What is the primary goal of using 'random sampling' in a criminological study?

A. To eliminate all variables

B. To establish causation

C. To ensure generalizability

D. To reduce study costs


Answer: C. Random sampling ensures every member of the population has an equal chance of selection, allowing results to be generalized to the larger group.

Random sampling gives every member of the population an equal chance of selection, making the sample more representative and allowing findings to be generalized to the population



24. In an experiment, what is the process of placing participants into either a 'test' or 'control' group by chance?

A. Random assignment

B. Random selection

C. Systematic sampling

D. Purposive assignment


Answer: A. Random assignment is the process of using chance to divide participants into different groups to ensure internal validity. 

Random assignment is used in experimental research to assign participants to treatment or control groups by chance, helping ensure that the groups are comparable and reducing selection bias.

Note: This is different from random sampling, which concerns selecting participants from the population.



25. Which design is most appropriate for an in-depth, qualitative exploration of a unique criminal's life history and motivations? 

A. Meta-analysis

B. Content analysis

C. Trend study

D. Case study


Answer: D.  A case study provides a detailed, intensive investigation of a single person, group, or event.

A case study provides a detailed examination of a single individual, group, event, or phenomenon and is commonly used in qualitative criminological research.



26. What is the defining characteristic of a 'longitudinal' research design in criminology?

A. Collecting data over time

B. Using a large sample size

C. Using only primary data

D. Comparing two countries


Answer: A. Longitudinal research involves repeated observations of the same variables over short or long periods of time.

Longitudinal research collects data from the same individuals or groups at multiple points over time to study changes and development.


Correctional Administration Review Questions