Traffic Management and Accident Investigation with Driving Reviewer
On criminology
 |
| Highway Patrol Group |
Traffic Management and Accident Investigation Reviewer (Definition of Terms)
Accident (Legal meaning) – an accident is any happening beyond the control of a person, the consequences of which are not foreseeable.
There is no criminal liability in an accident, provided the following requisites or elements under the law are satisfied;
1. performance of a lawful act
2. with due care
3. causes injury to another by mere accident
4. without any fault or intention of causing it
Articulated Vehicle - shall mean any motor vehicle with a trailer having no front axle and so attached that part of the trailer rests upon the motor vehicle and a substantial part of the weight of the trailer and of its load is borne by the motor vehicle.
Benz Patent-Motorwagen (motorcar) built in 1886, is widely regarded as the first automobile. It is a vehicle designed to be propelled by an internal combustion engine.
Box Junction - is a road traffic control measure designed to prevent congestion and gridlock at junctions. A road area at a junction marked with a yellow grid, which a vehicle should enter only if its exit from it is clear. Box junctions were introduced in the UK in 1967, following a successful trial in London.
Chain of Events – is the making up of an accident or the link that explains the occurrence of the accident, and its components are present in every accident. An accident is not a single isolated moment; it is a series of events linking the initial hazard to the final stabilization. The key events include:
1. performance of a lawful act
2. with due care
3. causes injury to another by mere accident
4. without any fault or intention of causing it
Articulated Vehicle - shall mean any motor vehicle with a trailer having no front axle and so attached that part of the trailer rests upon the motor vehicle and a substantial part of the weight of the trailer and of its load is borne by the motor vehicle.
Benz Patent-Motorwagen (motorcar) built in 1886, is widely regarded as the first automobile. It is a vehicle designed to be propelled by an internal combustion engine.
Box Junction - is a road traffic control measure designed to prevent congestion and gridlock at junctions. A road area at a junction marked with a yellow grid, which a vehicle should enter only if its exit from it is clear. Box junctions were introduced in the UK in 1967, following a successful trial in London.
Chain of Events – is the making up of an accident or the link that explains the occurrence of the accident, and its components are present in every accident. An accident is not a single isolated moment; it is a series of events linking the initial hazard to the final stabilization. The key events include:
Perception of hazard – The actual moment the driver sees, feels, hears, or understands that an accident is about to happen.
Possible Perception - The exact time and place where an alert, normal person could have seen or noticed an unusual condition or hazard.
Encroachment – is the movement of a vehicle into the path assigned to the other traffic unit.
Evasive Action – is the first action taken by a traffic unit to escape from a collision course or otherwise avoid the hazard. The first physical action taken by the driver (such as hitting the brakes, steering away, or blowing the horn) to escape the collision course.
Point of no escape – That critical spot and time in space beyond which the accident cannot be prevented, no matter what the driver or pedestrian tries to do.
Initial Contact – The very first accidental touching of the moving vehicle with another object, vehicle, or pedestrian.
Maximum Engagement – Maximum Engagement: The point of maximum collapse, crushing, or overlap between the colliding bodies. This is where the force of impact reaches its absolute peak.
Disengagement – is the separation of a traffic unit in motion from an object with which it has collided.
Final Rest / Stopping – it usually stabilizes the accident situation where both vehicles in a collision has ceases its force, and stopping may occur with or without control by the driver or pedestrian.
Reaction time - is the interval between actual perception and the start of a physical action (like braking).
The point of impact - is where they hit; the point of no escape usually occurs shortly before that.
1. The Causes of Traffic Accidents
Examiners frequently classify the causes into four operational categories:
- Perception Factors: The driver's delayed reaction or failure to spot a hazard promptly.
- Operational Factors: Blatant non-compliance with traffic laws (e.g., illegal overtaking, running red lights).
- Sequential Factors: Speeding beyond safe limits or sudden mechanical failure (e.g., brake loss).
- Simultaneous Factors: External elements combined, like poor road design matched with heavy downpours.
2. Short-Lived Evidence (Tire Marks)
Investigators use road marks left during the Start of Evasive Action to determine pre-collision speed:
- Skid Marks: Made by tires that are locked and sliding (not rotating). This is a strong indicator of heavy braking.
- Scuff Marks: Made by a tire that is still rotating while sliding sideways or spinning, such as during a high-speed turn or a sudden swerve.
Classification of Road
1. National Road
2. Provincial Road
3. City Road
4. Municipal Road
5. Barangay Road
6. Private Road
Compressed Air Car - is an alternative fuel car that uses a motor powered by compressed air. The car can be powered solely by air, or by air combined (as in a hybrid electric vehicle) with gasoline, diesel,
ethanol, or an electric plant.
Crosswalks are designed to keep pedestrians together where they can be seen by motorists, and where they can cross most safely across the flow of vehicular traffic.
Defensive Driving is an act of driving while preventing accidents despite the wrong actions of others, aggravated by the existence of adverse driving conditions. Which requires knowledge, alertness,
foresight, judgment, and skill.
Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built the first steam-powered vehicle around 1672, which was of small scale and designed as a toy for the Chinese Emperor, who was unable to carry a driver or a passenger, but quite possibly, was the first working steam-powered vehicle.
Force Majeure – is an inevitable accident or casualty, an accident produced by any physical cause which is irresistible. In other words, it is an Act of Man, such as robbery, fire, fault, negligence, rebellion, etc.
Fortuitous Event – an event which takes place by accident and could not have been foreseen. In other words, it is an Act of God which could neither be foreseen nor resisted, such as an earthquake, lightning, flood, and the like.
Francois Isaac de Rivaz - A French and Swiss national who invented a hydrogen-powered internal combustion engine with electric ignition and described it in a French patent published in 1807. In 1808, he fitted it into a primitive working vehicle, the world's first internal combustion-powered automobile.
Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle - FCHV was developed by Toyota in 2005. The vehicle is powered by the chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen to power the motor driving the vehicle.
Geneva Convention on Road Traffic - September 19, 1949. Promotes the development and safety of international road traffic by establishing certain uniform rules.
Gottlieb Daimler - He invented the high-speed petrol engine. He is also thought to have invented the first real motorcycle in 1885.
Gustave Trouvé - In November 1881, Trouvé demonstrated a working three-wheeled electric automobile at the International Exhibition of Electricity in Paris.
Hit-and-run is the act of causing (or contributing to) a traffic accident (such as colliding with a person or a fixture), and failing to stop and identify oneself afterwards. It is considered a crime in most jurisdictions.
Characteristics of Hit-and-Run Drivers
1. After living the scene, he dreads or is frightened of being caught.
2. He may have left the accident scene because he was shocked, injured, or intoxicated.
3. He may have been too confused to know what he was doing.
4. He may have a long record of violations or accidents and, therefore, a terrible fear of getting further involved with the law.
5. More often, he fears financial loss, especially if he does not have liability insurance.
6. Hit-and-run drivers do not have a establish method of operation, unlike criminals.
Imprudence – indicates a deficiency of action. If a person fails to take the necessary precautions to avoid injury to themselves or property damage, there is imprudence. Imprudence usually involves a lack of skill.
Ivan Kulibin, a Russian mechanic and inventor, developed in 1971 a human-pedalled, three-wheeled carriage with modern features such as a flywheel, brake, gearbox, and bearings.
Karl Friedrich Benz was a German engine designer and car engineer, generally regarded as the inventor of the first automobile powered by an internal combustion engine, and together with Bertha Benz, a pioneering founder of the automobile manufacturer Mercedes-Benz.
Last Clear Chance - it means that the driver who is in a better position to prevent the accident shoulders the responsibility of preventing the accident. The last clear chance principle is always applied in any traffic accident investigation to justify penalizing the driver who was not defensive in their driving.
Lester Wire - a policeman in Salt Lake City, Utah. He developed the first electric traffic light in 1912, which used red-green.
Macadam - is a type of road construction pioneered by Scottish engineer John Loudon McAdam around 1820. The method simplified what had been considered state-of-the-art at that point. Single-sized aggregate layers of small stones, with a coating of binder as a cementing agent, are mixed in an open-structured roadway.
Mesopotamia (Present Iraq) is the location of the oldest constructed roads discovered to date. The stoned paved streets date back to about 4000 BC, in the Mesopotamian cities of Ur and Babylon.
Milestone - The earliest road signs, giving distance or direction. A milestone is one of a series of numbered markers placed along a road or boundary at intervals of one mile or occasionally, parts of a mile. They are typically located at the side of the road or in a median.
Motor Car Act 1903 - introduced registration of motor cars and licensing of drivers in the United Kingdom, and increased the speed limit.
Motor Vehicle – shall mean any vehicle propelled by any power other than muscular power using the public highways, but excluding road rollers, trolley cars, street sweepers, bulldozers, graders, fork-lifts, cranes, vehicles that run only on rails or tracks, tractors, trailers, and traction engines.
Negligence – indicates a deficiency of perception. If a person fails to pay proper attention to use due diligence in foreseeing the injury or damage impending to be caused, there in negligence. Negligence
usually involves a lack of skill.
Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot was a French inventor. He is known to have built the first working self-propelled mechanical vehicle, the world's first automobile.
Nikolaus August Otto - the German inventor of the first internal-combustion engine to efficiently burn fuel directly in a piston chamber.
Paris - in 1964, the first time that police women were used for traffic control duties.
Pavement Markings – are markings on the roads and surfaces, whereby a message is conveyed by means of words or symbols, officially reflected for the purpose of regulating, warning and guiding traffic.
May indicate several Things like
1. Where lanes are divided
2. Where you may pass other vehicles
3. Where you may change lanes or which lane to use for turns
4. Where pedestrian walkways are located
5. Where you may stop for traffic signs and traffic signals
1. After living the scene, he dreads or is frightened of being caught.
2. He may have left the accident scene because he was shocked, injured, or intoxicated.
3. He may have been too confused to know what he was doing.
4. He may have a long record of violations or accidents and, therefore, a terrible fear of getting further involved with the law.
5. More often, he fears financial loss, especially if he does not have liability insurance.
6. Hit-and-run drivers do not have a establish method of operation, unlike criminals.
Imprudence – indicates a deficiency of action. If a person fails to take the necessary precautions to avoid injury to themselves or property damage, there is imprudence. Imprudence usually involves a lack of skill.
Ivan Kulibin, a Russian mechanic and inventor, developed in 1971 a human-pedalled, three-wheeled carriage with modern features such as a flywheel, brake, gearbox, and bearings.
Karl Friedrich Benz was a German engine designer and car engineer, generally regarded as the inventor of the first automobile powered by an internal combustion engine, and together with Bertha Benz, a pioneering founder of the automobile manufacturer Mercedes-Benz.
Last Clear Chance - it means that the driver who is in a better position to prevent the accident shoulders the responsibility of preventing the accident. The last clear chance principle is always applied in any traffic accident investigation to justify penalizing the driver who was not defensive in their driving.
Lester Wire - a policeman in Salt Lake City, Utah. He developed the first electric traffic light in 1912, which used red-green.
Macadam - is a type of road construction pioneered by Scottish engineer John Loudon McAdam around 1820. The method simplified what had been considered state-of-the-art at that point. Single-sized aggregate layers of small stones, with a coating of binder as a cementing agent, are mixed in an open-structured roadway.
Mesopotamia (Present Iraq) is the location of the oldest constructed roads discovered to date. The stoned paved streets date back to about 4000 BC, in the Mesopotamian cities of Ur and Babylon.
Milestone - The earliest road signs, giving distance or direction. A milestone is one of a series of numbered markers placed along a road or boundary at intervals of one mile or occasionally, parts of a mile. They are typically located at the side of the road or in a median.
Motor Car Act 1903 - introduced registration of motor cars and licensing of drivers in the United Kingdom, and increased the speed limit.
Motor Vehicle – shall mean any vehicle propelled by any power other than muscular power using the public highways, but excluding road rollers, trolley cars, street sweepers, bulldozers, graders, fork-lifts, cranes, vehicles that run only on rails or tracks, tractors, trailers, and traction engines.
Negligence – indicates a deficiency of perception. If a person fails to pay proper attention to use due diligence in foreseeing the injury or damage impending to be caused, there in negligence. Negligence
usually involves a lack of skill.
Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot was a French inventor. He is known to have built the first working self-propelled mechanical vehicle, the world's first automobile.
Nikolaus August Otto - the German inventor of the first internal-combustion engine to efficiently burn fuel directly in a piston chamber.
Paris - in 1964, the first time that police women were used for traffic control duties.
Pavement Markings – are markings on the roads and surfaces, whereby a message is conveyed by means of words or symbols, officially reflected for the purpose of regulating, warning and guiding traffic.
May indicate several Things like
1. Where lanes are divided
2. Where you may pass other vehicles
3. Where you may change lanes or which lane to use for turns
4. Where pedestrian walkways are located
5. Where you may stop for traffic signs and traffic signals
Types of Pavement Markings
1. Curve Markings – are used to show where parking is legally prohibited or not allowed, such as a bus stop, or in front of a fire hydrant, drive way.
2. Object Markings – are painted on fixed poles, and on vertical ends of bridges and ports to avoid accidents.
3. Reflectorized Markings – are used to mark hazardous areas and are also used as delineators or road limits. These delineators are aids, especially during night driving, particularly when the alignment of a road changes and might confuse the operator of the vehicle.
4. Striped Curb Markings – are markings used in traffic islands to warn the driver of the traffic island on the road and aid the motorist to their traffic lane.
5. Painted Crosswalk – are placed at intersections and other places where there is considerable pedestrian traffic to provide pedestrians with safety zones when crossing.
6. Broken White Lines – is used to define or separate traffic lanes. It permits crossing from one lane to another if there is ample passing distance and if the opposing lane is clear of traffic.
7. Solid White Line – is used to separate opposing streams of traffic. Crossing is unlawful except where an ample distance exists and where the opposing traffic lane is clear of traffic.
8. Solid Yellow Line – is the driving lane that prohibits you from passing other vehicles.
9. Double Yellow Line – indicates two-way traffic, where crossing of pedestrians and motorists is not allowed. It separates the opposing flow of traffic.
10. Broken Yellow Lines – is a two-way/highway, which means no overtaking or passing is permitted, only when the road ahead is clear.
11. Stop Line – it indicates where the stop should be made.
PD 96 - A law declaring unlawful the use or attachment of sirens, bells, horns, Whistles or similar gadgets that emit exceptionally loud or startling sounds, including dome lights and other signalling or flashing devices on motor vehicles. (January 13, 1973)
Exemptions - Motor Vehicles designated for official use by the
1. AFP
2. NBI
3. LTO
4. PNP
5. BFP
6. Hospital Ambulances
Penalty
1. Confiscation - 1st offense
2. Imprisonment - 6 months and/or Fine. - 2nd and succeeding offenses.
3. Cancellation, Revocation, or Certificate of Registration
PD 1911 - a law authorizing the disposal of unclaimed recovered and impounded carnapped motor vehicles.
1. Curve Markings – are used to show where parking is legally prohibited or not allowed, such as a bus stop, or in front of a fire hydrant, drive way.
2. Object Markings – are painted on fixed poles, and on vertical ends of bridges and ports to avoid accidents.
3. Reflectorized Markings – are used to mark hazardous areas and are also used as delineators or road limits. These delineators are aids, especially during night driving, particularly when the alignment of a road changes and might confuse the operator of the vehicle.
4. Striped Curb Markings – are markings used in traffic islands to warn the driver of the traffic island on the road and aid the motorist to their traffic lane.
5. Painted Crosswalk – are placed at intersections and other places where there is considerable pedestrian traffic to provide pedestrians with safety zones when crossing.
6. Broken White Lines – is used to define or separate traffic lanes. It permits crossing from one lane to another if there is ample passing distance and if the opposing lane is clear of traffic.
7. Solid White Line – is used to separate opposing streams of traffic. Crossing is unlawful except where an ample distance exists and where the opposing traffic lane is clear of traffic.
8. Solid Yellow Line – is the driving lane that prohibits you from passing other vehicles.
9. Double Yellow Line – indicates two-way traffic, where crossing of pedestrians and motorists is not allowed. It separates the opposing flow of traffic.
10. Broken Yellow Lines – is a two-way/highway, which means no overtaking or passing is permitted, only when the road ahead is clear.
11. Stop Line – it indicates where the stop should be made.
PD 96 - A law declaring unlawful the use or attachment of sirens, bells, horns, Whistles or similar gadgets that emit exceptionally loud or startling sounds, including dome lights and other signalling or flashing devices on motor vehicles. (January 13, 1973)
Exemptions - Motor Vehicles designated for official use by the
1. AFP
2. NBI
3. LTO
4. PNP
5. BFP
6. Hospital Ambulances
Penalty
1. Confiscation - 1st offense
2. Imprisonment - 6 months and/or Fine. - 2nd and succeeding offenses.
3. Cancellation, Revocation, or Certificate of Registration
PD 1911 - a law authorizing the disposal of unclaimed recovered and impounded carnapped motor vehicles.
This law provides that all carnapped or stolen motor vehicles, recovered and impounded by law enforcement agencies which after a period of three (3) months from the date of its seizure/recovery have remained unclaimed or whose real owners could no longer be determined or established because the original numbers of the motor engine or chassis numbers could no longer be determined and restored, are considered as abandoned motor vehicles and shall be sold and disposed of by the Chief PNP or his authorized representative in a public auction.
In all cases before any public auction is effected, there shall be published once a week for three (3) consecutive weeks in a newspaper of general circulation in the Philippines or in the place where it was recovered or found, a description of the motor vehicles intended to be auctioned with a notice that after the lapse of one month from the date of the last publication, should no person file a claim for the recovery of the same, said motor vehicles will be sold at public auction.
Pedestrian Crossing - is a place designated for pedestrians to cross a road.
Pierre-Marie-Jérôme Trésaguet was a French engineer. He is widely credited with establishing the first scientific approach to road building about the year 1764. Proposed a method of construction relying on a firm, well-drained foundation of large rocks topped by progressively smaller ones, forming a convex surface to make it more impervious to water. He is sometimes considered the first person to bring post-Roman science to road building.
Places Where Parking is Prohibited
1. Within an intersection
2. On a crosswalk
3. Within six meters of the intersection of curb lines.
4. Within four meters of the driveway's entrance to any fire station.
5. Within four meters of a fire hydrant.
6. In front of a private driveway
7. On the roadway side of any vehicle stopped or parked at the curb or edge of the highway.
8. At any place where official signs have been erected prohibiting parking.
PNP Highway Patrol Group - is an operational support unit of the PNP in charge of anti-carnapping, highway robbery, and hijacking incidents. Formerly called the Traffic Management Group. Traffic Management in Metro Manila is managed by the MMDA.
Professional Driver – shall mean every and any driver hired or paid for driving or operating a motor vehicle, whether for private use or for public.
Categories of Drivers
1. Tourist
2. International Driver
3. Government
4. Professional
5. Non-professional
6. Student Permit
RA 4136 - the Land Transportation and Traffic Code.
RA 6539 - Anti-Carnapping Act of 1972. An act preventing and penalizing carnapping. (repealed by RA 10883)
Pedestrian Crossing - is a place designated for pedestrians to cross a road.
Pierre-Marie-Jérôme Trésaguet was a French engineer. He is widely credited with establishing the first scientific approach to road building about the year 1764. Proposed a method of construction relying on a firm, well-drained foundation of large rocks topped by progressively smaller ones, forming a convex surface to make it more impervious to water. He is sometimes considered the first person to bring post-Roman science to road building.
Places Where Parking is Prohibited
1. Within an intersection
2. On a crosswalk
3. Within six meters of the intersection of curb lines.
4. Within four meters of the driveway's entrance to any fire station.
5. Within four meters of a fire hydrant.
6. In front of a private driveway
7. On the roadway side of any vehicle stopped or parked at the curb or edge of the highway.
8. At any place where official signs have been erected prohibiting parking.
PNP Highway Patrol Group - is an operational support unit of the PNP in charge of anti-carnapping, highway robbery, and hijacking incidents. Formerly called the Traffic Management Group. Traffic Management in Metro Manila is managed by the MMDA.
Professional Driver – shall mean every and any driver hired or paid for driving or operating a motor vehicle, whether for private use or for public.
Categories of Drivers
1. Tourist
2. International Driver
3. Government
4. Professional
5. Non-professional
6. Student Permit
RA 4136 - the Land Transportation and Traffic Code.
RA 6539 - Anti-Carnapping Act of 1972. An act preventing and penalizing carnapping. (repealed by RA 10883)
Carnapping - is the taking, with intent to gain, of a motor vehicle belonging to another without the latter's consent, or by means of violence against or intimidation of persons, or by using force upon things.
Road Intelligence – Unusual points of serious congestion must be noted. Note and report unnecessary delay at stop signs or signals that are installed when traffic is heavier. Note and report congestion that ties up traffic for a block or more.
Skid Marks are marks caused by tires on roads, which occur when a vehicle's wheel stops rolling and slides or spins on the surface of the road.
Road Intelligence – Unusual points of serious congestion must be noted. Note and report unnecessary delay at stop signs or signals that are installed when traffic is heavier. Note and report congestion that ties up traffic for a block or more.
Skid Marks are marks caused by tires on roads, which occur when a vehicle's wheel stops rolling and slides or spins on the surface of the road.
Importance of Skid Mark In Traffic Accident Investigation
- Skid marks can be analyzed to find the maximum and minimum vehicle speed before an impact or incident.
- Skid marks can be analyzed to find the maximum and minimum vehicle speed before an impact or incident.
Kinds of Skid Marks
1. Pavement Grinding – is the collection of many fine scratches and some larger one form by particles of gritty materials such as stone, gravel, glass, and sometimes bits of metal embedding themselves in the rubber of the tire or in the thread pattern and being ground or scored against the road surface.
2. Tire Grinding – is the collection of particles of rubber ground from the tire surface by gritty paving, especially before the tire gets hot enough to smear. It occurs on hard, dry, granular surfaces, particularly weathered or new but not traffic-polished cement.
3. Erasing – is a clean light area where a sliding tire had erased or removed dirt from the pavement. Erasing is most likely to be found on a traffic-polished concrete road.
4. Squeeze Mark – are areas where a sliding tie rubs moisture off the surface in its path. It occurs on some kind of surface, such as erasing, except that the surface is wet.
5. Smear of Soft Material – materials such as snow, mud, or debris are usually wet, smooth, or spread by a sliding tire. It occurs on a road covered with snow or mud.
6. Smear of Bituminous Material – is excess asphalt or tar, usually warm, which spreads by a sliding tire. This occurs in pavement patches and joints in very warm weather and elsewhere when there is an excess of tar or asphalt bleeding to the surface.
7. Tire Smear – is a rubber melted from the tire rather than material melted from the road by a sliding tire.
8. Scrub of Tire during Collision – collision of cars usually causes the wheel to jam and prevents it from turning. If the vehicles are moving, there will be a heavy scrubbing action between the tire and the road surface.
9. Furrow – is a ploughed depression made by a sliding tire with material piled up on each side and usually at the end. If the soil is smooth and sticky, there may be soft material smeared in the bottom of the rut.
1. Pavement Grinding – is the collection of many fine scratches and some larger one form by particles of gritty materials such as stone, gravel, glass, and sometimes bits of metal embedding themselves in the rubber of the tire or in the thread pattern and being ground or scored against the road surface.
2. Tire Grinding – is the collection of particles of rubber ground from the tire surface by gritty paving, especially before the tire gets hot enough to smear. It occurs on hard, dry, granular surfaces, particularly weathered or new but not traffic-polished cement.
3. Erasing – is a clean light area where a sliding tire had erased or removed dirt from the pavement. Erasing is most likely to be found on a traffic-polished concrete road.
4. Squeeze Mark – are areas where a sliding tie rubs moisture off the surface in its path. It occurs on some kind of surface, such as erasing, except that the surface is wet.
5. Smear of Soft Material – materials such as snow, mud, or debris are usually wet, smooth, or spread by a sliding tire. It occurs on a road covered with snow or mud.
6. Smear of Bituminous Material – is excess asphalt or tar, usually warm, which spreads by a sliding tire. This occurs in pavement patches and joints in very warm weather and elsewhere when there is an excess of tar or asphalt bleeding to the surface.
7. Tire Smear – is a rubber melted from the tire rather than material melted from the road by a sliding tire.
8. Scrub of Tire during Collision – collision of cars usually causes the wheel to jam and prevents it from turning. If the vehicles are moving, there will be a heavy scrubbing action between the tire and the road surface.
9. Furrow – is a ploughed depression made by a sliding tire with material piled up on each side and usually at the end. If the soil is smooth and sticky, there may be soft material smeared in the bottom of the rut.
Types of Ending Skid Mark
1. Overlapping Skid mark – occurs when the rear wheels track on top of the front wheel marks, which are sliding.
2. Front Wheel Marks – are in long skids on hard pavement with bituminous binders. Front wheels have skid marks with most of the mark is at the edge of the tire.
3. Rear Tire Marks – are relatively faint because of the lesser weight on the tire in slowing. They may show thread grooves when the front tire marks do not.
4. Flat Tire Scuffs – will leave marks by a scrubbing action even without application of brakes, due to overload.
5. Gaps in Skid marks – are interruptions in skid marks made by the release of brake pressure and its reapplication.
6. Skip Skid – are skid marks that are broken or interrupted without the brakes being released.
7. Curb in Skid marks – are usually gentle slides toward the edge of the road, which is simply downhill.
Sources of Power In Transportation
1. Man Power
2. Animal Power
3. Water and Air Power
4. Petroleum Fuel
5. Bi-fuel, bio gas, and Ethanol fuel
6. Hydrogen
7. Electric
Registration Classification of Vehicles
1. Private
2. For Hire
3. Government
4. Diplomatic
Scuff Marks – are signs left on the road by tires that are sliding or scrubbing while the wheel is still turning.
1. Overlapping Skid mark – occurs when the rear wheels track on top of the front wheel marks, which are sliding.
2. Front Wheel Marks – are in long skids on hard pavement with bituminous binders. Front wheels have skid marks with most of the mark is at the edge of the tire.
3. Rear Tire Marks – are relatively faint because of the lesser weight on the tire in slowing. They may show thread grooves when the front tire marks do not.
4. Flat Tire Scuffs – will leave marks by a scrubbing action even without application of brakes, due to overload.
5. Gaps in Skid marks – are interruptions in skid marks made by the release of brake pressure and its reapplication.
6. Skip Skid – are skid marks that are broken or interrupted without the brakes being released.
7. Curb in Skid marks – are usually gentle slides toward the edge of the road, which is simply downhill.
Sources of Power In Transportation
1. Man Power
2. Animal Power
3. Water and Air Power
4. Petroleum Fuel
5. Bi-fuel, bio gas, and Ethanol fuel
6. Hydrogen
7. Electric
Registration Classification of Vehicles
1. Private
2. For Hire
3. Government
4. Diplomatic
Scuff Marks – are signs left on the road by tires that are sliding or scrubbing while the wheel is still turning.
Types of Scuff Marks
1. Decelerating Scuff – is left while the vehicle is slowing by braking effort, and tires are both sliding and rolling.
2. Accelerating Scuff – is left by a wheel driven by the engine and spinning on the ground.
3. Side Scuff – are scuff marks left by a tire that is free to rotate without braking or powering the sliding sideways. These are usually left by a vehicle steering around a curb or in a collision.
4. Combination Scuff – are combination of slide with either decelerating or accelerating scuffs.
5. Flat Tire Scuff – are marks left on the road by the edges of under-inflated or greatly overloaded tires. They are usually a smear of rubber, a flat tire rolls, and it becomes very hot, especially at the edges where the pressure is greatest.
6. Scrub of Tire – during a collision, it is much the same when the wheel is rotating as when it is locked.
7. Furrows – by a rotating and sliding wheel are a little different than one with a locked wheel.
State of Necessity – there is a state of necessity even if the injury to a person results in his death, because self-preservation always makes the actor feel that his own safety is greater than that of another.
1. Decelerating Scuff – is left while the vehicle is slowing by braking effort, and tires are both sliding and rolling.
2. Accelerating Scuff – is left by a wheel driven by the engine and spinning on the ground.
3. Side Scuff – are scuff marks left by a tire that is free to rotate without braking or powering the sliding sideways. These are usually left by a vehicle steering around a curb or in a collision.
4. Combination Scuff – are combination of slide with either decelerating or accelerating scuffs.
5. Flat Tire Scuff – are marks left on the road by the edges of under-inflated or greatly overloaded tires. They are usually a smear of rubber, a flat tire rolls, and it becomes very hot, especially at the edges where the pressure is greatest.
6. Scrub of Tire – during a collision, it is much the same when the wheel is rotating as when it is locked.
7. Furrows – by a rotating and sliding wheel are a little different than one with a locked wheel.
State of Necessity – there is a state of necessity even if the injury to a person results in his death, because self-preservation always makes the actor feel that his own safety is greater than that of another.
Elements or requisites under the law
1. The evil sought to be avoided actually exists ;
2. The injury feared is greater than that done to avoid it;
3. that there is no other practical and less harmful means of preventing it.
Thomas Telford - a Scottish civil engineer, architect, and stonemason, and a noted road, bridge, and canal builder. He was dubbed The Colossus of Roads, reflecting his command of all types of civil engineering in the early 19th century. He was elected as the first President of the Institution of Civil Engineers.
Timeline - History of Transportation
1. The evil sought to be avoided actually exists ;
2. The injury feared is greater than that done to avoid it;
3. that there is no other practical and less harmful means of preventing it.
Thomas Telford - a Scottish civil engineer, architect, and stonemason, and a noted road, bridge, and canal builder. He was dubbed The Colossus of Roads, reflecting his command of all types of civil engineering in the early 19th century. He was elected as the first President of the Institution of Civil Engineers.
Timeline - History of Transportation
3500 BC - Fixed wheels on carts are invented - the first wheeled vehicles in history. Other early wheeled vehicles include the chariot.
- River boats are invented - ships with oars
2000 BC - Horses are domesticated and used for transportation.
181-234 - The wheelbarrow is invented.
770 - Iron horse shoes improve transportation by horse.
1492 - Leonardo da Vinci first to seriously theorize about flying machines, with over 100 drawings that illustrated his theories on flight.
1620 - Cornelis Drebbel invented the first submarine - a human-oared submersible.
1662 - Blaise Pascal invented the first public bus, horse-drawn. regular route, schedule, and fare system.
1740 - Jacques de Vaucanson demonstrates his clockwork-powered carriage.
1783 - First practical steamboat demonstrated by Marquis Claude Francois de Jouffroy d'Abbans - a paddle wheel steamboat.
1783 - The Montgolfier brothers invented the first hot air balloons.
1787 - The steamboat was invented.
1769 - First self-propelled road vehicle invented by Nicolas Joseph Cugnot.
1790 - Modern bicycles were invented.
1801 - Richard Trevithick invented the first steam-powered locomotive (designed for roads).
1807 - Isaac de Rivas made a hydrogen gas-powered vehicle - the first with internal combustion power; however, it was an unsuccessful design.
1807 - First steamboat with regular passenger service - inventor Robert Fulton's Clermont.
1814 - George Stephenson invents the first practical steam-powered railroad locomotive.
1862 - Jean Lenoir makes a gasoline engine automobile.
1867 -The first motorcycle was invented.
1868 - George Westinghouse invents the compressed air locomotive brake, enabling trains to be stopped with fail-safe accuracy.
1871 - The first cable car was invented.
1885 - Karl Benz builds the world's first practical automobile to be powered by an internal combustion engine.
1899 - Ferdinand von Zeppelin invents the first successful dirigible - the Zeppelin.
1903 - The Wright Brothers invented and flew the first engine-powered airplane.
1907 - Very first helicopter - unsuccessful design.
1908 - Henry Ford improves the assembly line for automobile manufacturing.
1908 - Hydrofoil boats co-invented by Alexander Graham Bell & Casey Baldwin - boats that skimmed water.
1926 - First liquid-propelled rocket launched.
1940 - Modern helicopters were invented.
1947 - First supersonic jet flight.
1956 - The hovercraft was invented.
1964 - Bullet train transportation was invented.
1969 - First manned mission (Apollo) to the Moon.
1970 - First jumbo jet.
1981 - Space shuttle launched.
Traffic is the movement of vehicles along a route where passengers and cargo are carried by transportation.
Elements of street and highway traffic
1. The road user
2. The vehicle and its load
3. The road.
Police officers' main functions in Traffic
1. Police traffic directions
2. Police traffic law enforcement
3. Police traffic accident investigation.
Traffic Accident - (traffic Collision) occurs when a vehicle collides with another vehicle, pedestrian, animal, road debris, or other stationary obstruction, such as a tree or utility pole.
Elements of a traffic accident
1. The vehicle involved
2. The highway
3. The road user.
- River boats are invented - ships with oars
2000 BC - Horses are domesticated and used for transportation.
181-234 - The wheelbarrow is invented.
770 - Iron horse shoes improve transportation by horse.
1492 - Leonardo da Vinci first to seriously theorize about flying machines, with over 100 drawings that illustrated his theories on flight.
1620 - Cornelis Drebbel invented the first submarine - a human-oared submersible.
1662 - Blaise Pascal invented the first public bus, horse-drawn. regular route, schedule, and fare system.
1740 - Jacques de Vaucanson demonstrates his clockwork-powered carriage.
1783 - First practical steamboat demonstrated by Marquis Claude Francois de Jouffroy d'Abbans - a paddle wheel steamboat.
1783 - The Montgolfier brothers invented the first hot air balloons.
1787 - The steamboat was invented.
1769 - First self-propelled road vehicle invented by Nicolas Joseph Cugnot.
1790 - Modern bicycles were invented.
1801 - Richard Trevithick invented the first steam-powered locomotive (designed for roads).
1807 - Isaac de Rivas made a hydrogen gas-powered vehicle - the first with internal combustion power; however, it was an unsuccessful design.
1807 - First steamboat with regular passenger service - inventor Robert Fulton's Clermont.
1814 - George Stephenson invents the first practical steam-powered railroad locomotive.
1862 - Jean Lenoir makes a gasoline engine automobile.
1867 -The first motorcycle was invented.
1868 - George Westinghouse invents the compressed air locomotive brake, enabling trains to be stopped with fail-safe accuracy.
1871 - The first cable car was invented.
1885 - Karl Benz builds the world's first practical automobile to be powered by an internal combustion engine.
1899 - Ferdinand von Zeppelin invents the first successful dirigible - the Zeppelin.
1903 - The Wright Brothers invented and flew the first engine-powered airplane.
1907 - Very first helicopter - unsuccessful design.
1908 - Henry Ford improves the assembly line for automobile manufacturing.
1908 - Hydrofoil boats co-invented by Alexander Graham Bell & Casey Baldwin - boats that skimmed water.
1926 - First liquid-propelled rocket launched.
1940 - Modern helicopters were invented.
1947 - First supersonic jet flight.
1956 - The hovercraft was invented.
1964 - Bullet train transportation was invented.
1969 - First manned mission (Apollo) to the Moon.
1970 - First jumbo jet.
1981 - Space shuttle launched.
Traffic is the movement of vehicles along a route where passengers and cargo are carried by transportation.
Elements of street and highway traffic
1. The road user
2. The vehicle and its load
3. The road.
Police officers' main functions in Traffic
1. Police traffic directions
2. Police traffic law enforcement
3. Police traffic accident investigation.
Traffic Accident - (traffic Collision) occurs when a vehicle collides with another vehicle, pedestrian, animal, road debris, or other stationary obstruction, such as a tree or utility pole.
Elements of a traffic accident
1. The vehicle involved
2. The highway
3. The road user.
Causes of Traffic Accident
1. Direct Causes – the direct causes of an accident are observable by witnesses and participants, or may be constructed from physical evidence found at the scene. Since a direct cause relates to the action of the human part of the traffic unit concerned, it is a behavioral cause. Usually, only four direct causes are considered in an accident investigation;
1. Direct Causes – the direct causes of an accident are observable by witnesses and participants, or may be constructed from physical evidence found at the scene. Since a direct cause relates to the action of the human part of the traffic unit concerned, it is a behavioral cause. Usually, only four direct causes are considered in an accident investigation;
a. Initial Behavior - Any movement, position, or failure to signal intent to make a traffic maneuver that creates a dangerous situation and is either hazardous, illegal, improper, or unusual may be initial behavior of a nature justly termed a direct cause of an accident.
b. Speed – Too fast for conditions is the direct cause of many accidents.
c. Delayed Perception – is inattention to the major task of operating a motor vehicle, and occurs when the driver is distracted by conversation with other occupants of the car, lighting a cigarette or cigar, looking at the roadway or the scenery, or glancing at occupants of nearby vehicles.
d. Faulty Evasive Action – Faulty evasive action always occurs after perception and is the reaction of a driver or pedestrian to a hazardous situation on the highway.
2. Mediate, and Early Causes – These mediate, and early causes of an accident are also termed condition causes in a formalized accident investigation procedure. A mediate cause of an accident occurs between the early and the direct causes in the time span leading to the accident, but it has a closer relationship to the direct cause than to the early causes. A mediate cause should not be listed unless it explains the direct cause of an accident. A mediate cause of an accident is an irregular or unusual condition of a vehicle, the road, the weather, or of a road user (driver or pedestrian) that explains one of the four direct causes of an accident: initial behavior, speed, delayed perception, and faulty evasive action.
3. Early Causes - An early cause of an accident results from the act of any individual, or the failure to act by any person, which creates conditions leading to the chain of events making up an accident.
Early cause of an accident - is an act or negligence on the part of an individual or an organization which causes or permits a mediate cause to exist.
Traffic Accident Analysis
1. Condition of the motor vehicles involved in the accident;
2. Condition of the drivers at the time of the accident;
3. Load of the vehicle;
4. Weather condition;
5. Characteristics of the road, which involves the design condition, and the inhabitants of the place of the accident
6. Presence or absence of a traffic sign and its condition. All these factors must be considered in order to fully uncover the reasons for the accident, and thereby provide a factual basis for coming up with a traffic prevention program and traffic plans and programs.
1. Condition of the motor vehicles involved in the accident;
2. Condition of the drivers at the time of the accident;
3. Load of the vehicle;
4. Weather condition;
5. Characteristics of the road, which involves the design condition, and the inhabitants of the place of the accident
6. Presence or absence of a traffic sign and its condition. All these factors must be considered in order to fully uncover the reasons for the accident, and thereby provide a factual basis for coming up with a traffic prevention program and traffic plans and programs.
Key Events in a Traffic Accident
Key Event – means the one that characterizes the manner of the occurrence of the traffic accident. It determines the time, place, and type of accident.
1. Point of Possible Perception – is the place and time at which the unusual or unexpected movement or condition could have been perceived by a normal person.
2. Delay in Perception or Perception Time – it is the time between the point of possible perception and actual perception.
3. Prompt Perception – is the perception of hazard that is actually nearly the possible accident.
4. Maximum Delayed Perception – occurred when the traffic unit does not sense a hazard until it hits another vehicle.
5. Point of No Escape – is the place and time after or beyond which the accident cannot be prevented by the traffic unit under consideration.
6. Point of Impact – is used to mean the point of initial contact; sometimes it is considered the point of maximum engagement or center of force.
7. Final Position – is the place and time when the object involved in the accident finally comes to rest without application of power.
Traffic Actuated Signal – is controlled by an individual using their hands in signaling the flow of traffic, wherein traffic shall proceed in accordance with the desire of the individual controlling the flow of traffic.
Traffic Code - (also motor vehicle code) refers to the collection of local statutes, regulations, ordinances, and rules that have been officially adopted by countries to govern the orderly operation and
interaction of motor vehicles, bicycles, pedestrians, and others upon the public (and sometimes private) ways.
Traffic Education – comprises all means for public information and the safety education of both drivers and pedestrians as to traffic laws and the use of traffic facilities, and adequate training programs in traffic control throughout the police unit.
Traffic Engineering is a branch of civil engineering that uses engineering techniques to achieve the safe and efficient movement of people and goods on roadways.
1. Point of Possible Perception – is the place and time at which the unusual or unexpected movement or condition could have been perceived by a normal person.
2. Delay in Perception or Perception Time – it is the time between the point of possible perception and actual perception.
3. Prompt Perception – is the perception of hazard that is actually nearly the possible accident.
4. Maximum Delayed Perception – occurred when the traffic unit does not sense a hazard until it hits another vehicle.
5. Point of No Escape – is the place and time after or beyond which the accident cannot be prevented by the traffic unit under consideration.
6. Point of Impact – is used to mean the point of initial contact; sometimes it is considered the point of maximum engagement or center of force.
7. Final Position – is the place and time when the object involved in the accident finally comes to rest without application of power.
Traffic Actuated Signal – is controlled by an individual using their hands in signaling the flow of traffic, wherein traffic shall proceed in accordance with the desire of the individual controlling the flow of traffic.
Traffic Code - (also motor vehicle code) refers to the collection of local statutes, regulations, ordinances, and rules that have been officially adopted by countries to govern the orderly operation and
interaction of motor vehicles, bicycles, pedestrians, and others upon the public (and sometimes private) ways.
Traffic Education – comprises all means for public information and the safety education of both drivers and pedestrians as to traffic laws and the use of traffic facilities, and adequate training programs in traffic control throughout the police unit.
Traffic Engineering is a branch of civil engineering that uses engineering techniques to achieve the safe and efficient movement of people and goods on roadways.
Functions of Traffic Engineering
1. Fact-finding surveys and recommendations of traffic rules and regulations.
2. Supervision and maintenance of the application of traffic control devices.
3. Planning of traffic regulations.
Objectives of Traffic Engineering
1. To achieve efficient, safe, free, and rapid flow of traffic.
2. To prevent traffic accidents and casualties.
3. To present the role of traffic engineering in reducing the need for police action and simplifying police performance.
4. To show that good police action and performance make engineering plans effective.
Traffic Investigation - Objective
1. Securing facts upon which to base an accident prevention program;
2. Determining whether or not laws have been violated, gathering evidence which will reveal the road user responsible for the accident, and taking on-the-scene police action; and
3. Ascertaining the facts so that those involved in accidents can properly exercise claims under our Civil Law.
Traffic Island - a small raised area in the middle of a road which provides a safe place for pedestrians to stand and marks a division between two opposing streams of traffic.
1. Fact-finding surveys and recommendations of traffic rules and regulations.
2. Supervision and maintenance of the application of traffic control devices.
3. Planning of traffic regulations.
Objectives of Traffic Engineering
1. To achieve efficient, safe, free, and rapid flow of traffic.
2. To prevent traffic accidents and casualties.
3. To present the role of traffic engineering in reducing the need for police action and simplifying police performance.
4. To show that good police action and performance make engineering plans effective.
Traffic Investigation - Objective
1. Securing facts upon which to base an accident prevention program;
2. Determining whether or not laws have been violated, gathering evidence which will reveal the road user responsible for the accident, and taking on-the-scene police action; and
3. Ascertaining the facts so that those involved in accidents can properly exercise claims under our Civil Law.
Traffic Island - a small raised area in the middle of a road which provides a safe place for pedestrians to stand and marks a division between two opposing streams of traffic.
Kinds of Traffic Islands
1. Divisional and or Pedestrian Barrier
2. Channelizing Island
3. Refuge Island
4. Rotary Island
Traffic laws are the laws that govern traffic and regulate vehicles, while rules of the road are both the laws and the informal rules that may have developed over time to facilitate orderly and timely
flow of traffic.
Traffic Law Enforcement – comprises all police activities in connection with the direction of traffic, regulation and education of drivers, determining potential offenders, constant patrol, giving of assistance in the prosecution of offenders, investigation of accidents, follow-up complaints, requesting police action, warning, summoning or arrest of violators, and reporting of road hazards and obstruction.
1. Divisional and or Pedestrian Barrier
2. Channelizing Island
3. Refuge Island
4. Rotary Island
Traffic laws are the laws that govern traffic and regulate vehicles, while rules of the road are both the laws and the informal rules that may have developed over time to facilitate orderly and timely
flow of traffic.
Traffic Law Enforcement – comprises all police activities in connection with the direction of traffic, regulation and education of drivers, determining potential offenders, constant patrol, giving of assistance in the prosecution of offenders, investigation of accidents, follow-up complaints, requesting police action, warning, summoning or arrest of violators, and reporting of road hazards and obstruction.
Traffic Enforcement Action
1. Detection
2. Apprehension
3. Prosecution
4. Adjudication
5. Penalization
Enforcement action is usually limited to:
1. Verbal or written warning;
2. Summon or citation requiring the offender to appear in court;
3. Arresting traffic violators for traffic violations not attended
4. Suspension or revocation of license;
5. Payment of fines or civil damages, and
6. Prosecution of criminal offenses in relation to traffic.
Traffic lights - a set of automatically operated colored lights, typically red, amber, and green, for controlling traffic at road junctions, pedestrian crossings, and roundabouts.
Traffic Light Signals – are power-operated traffic control devices by which traffic is warned or directed to take some specific actions.
1. Detection
2. Apprehension
3. Prosecution
4. Adjudication
5. Penalization
Enforcement action is usually limited to:
1. Verbal or written warning;
2. Summon or citation requiring the offender to appear in court;
3. Arresting traffic violators for traffic violations not attended
4. Suspension or revocation of license;
5. Payment of fines or civil damages, and
6. Prosecution of criminal offenses in relation to traffic.
Traffic lights - a set of automatically operated colored lights, typically red, amber, and green, for controlling traffic at road junctions, pedestrian crossings, and roundabouts.
Traffic Light Signals – are power-operated traffic control devices by which traffic is warned or directed to take some specific actions.
Light: Flashing Red
1. This is the same as STOP SIGN.
2. STOP at the designated line.
3. Vehicles will be crossing from the “other side”
4. Expect pedestrians to cross at the pedestrian lane.
5. PROCEED WHEN CLEAR.
1. This is the same as STOP SIGN.
2. STOP at the designated line.
3. Vehicles will be crossing from the “other side”
4. Expect pedestrians to cross at the pedestrian lane.
5. PROCEED WHEN CLEAR.
Light: Flashing Yellow
1. This is the same as a YIELD SIGN.
2. Proceed through the intersection with caution.
3. You have the right of way over a flashing RED light.
4. Vehicles on the other side will proceed to a FULL STOP.
Light: Steady Green and Steady left/Right Arrow
1. Vehicles can go straight, or vehicles in the left lane can make a left turn.
2. Vehicles can go straight, or vehicles in the right lane can make a right turn.
3. The RIGHT GREEN signal might or might NOT have a road sign disallowing a right turn while the RED lights are on
Traffic Management – it comprises all public surfaces, facilities, and agencies having responsibility for licensing, approving, maintaining, and controlling the flow of traffic and the use of traffic facilities.
Traffic Patrol – Traffic patrol refers to the observation of road conditions, the behavior of the drivers, and other users of vehicles for the purpose of traffic supervision and law enforcement, and providing authorized traffic-connected services to the public.
1. This is the same as a YIELD SIGN.
2. Proceed through the intersection with caution.
3. You have the right of way over a flashing RED light.
4. Vehicles on the other side will proceed to a FULL STOP.
Light: Steady Green and Steady left/Right Arrow
1. Vehicles can go straight, or vehicles in the left lane can make a left turn.
2. Vehicles can go straight, or vehicles in the right lane can make a right turn.
3. The RIGHT GREEN signal might or might NOT have a road sign disallowing a right turn while the RED lights are on
Traffic Management – it comprises all public surfaces, facilities, and agencies having responsibility for licensing, approving, maintaining, and controlling the flow of traffic and the use of traffic facilities.
Traffic Patrol – Traffic patrol refers to the observation of road conditions, the behavior of the drivers, and other users of vehicles for the purpose of traffic supervision and law enforcement, and providing authorized traffic-connected services to the public.
Purpose of Traffic Patrol
1. Deterrent to violations and dangerous driving.
2. Detecting and apprehending violators.
3. Observing and reporting traffic conditions.
4. Observing and reporting road conditions, including view obstruction which needs attention.
5. Providing certain services to the public.
1. Deterrent to violations and dangerous driving.
2. Detecting and apprehending violators.
3. Observing and reporting traffic conditions.
4. Observing and reporting road conditions, including view obstruction which needs attention.
5. Providing certain services to the public.
Types/Kinds of Traffic Patrol
1. Line Patrol – Conducts observation either in moving or stationary observation at a certain route or point of a major street in a city.
2. Area Patrol – Conduct observation either by moving patrol or stationary observation in a certain area, which includes several streets, roads, or sections of a highway.
3. Stationary Observation – Observation of traffic conditions of a selected place, usually one with unfavorable accident experiences for traffic law supervision. Stationary observation may be conspicuous, visible, or concealed, depending upon the location of the patrol unit in relation to the street under observation.
4. Conspicuous Observation – Stationary observation in which the observer remains in full review of traffic conditions.
5. Visible Observation – Stationary observation in which the observer is in full view but so located, for example, at Side Street, to require effort on the part of traffic users to discover the observer.
6. Concealed Observation – Stationary observation in which the observer is not visible to persons using ordinary power of observation from the roadway being observed.
Traffic Signs – a device mounted on a fixed or portable means of words or symbols, officially created and installed for the purpose of regulating, warning, and guiding traffic.
1. Line Patrol – Conducts observation either in moving or stationary observation at a certain route or point of a major street in a city.
2. Area Patrol – Conduct observation either by moving patrol or stationary observation in a certain area, which includes several streets, roads, or sections of a highway.
3. Stationary Observation – Observation of traffic conditions of a selected place, usually one with unfavorable accident experiences for traffic law supervision. Stationary observation may be conspicuous, visible, or concealed, depending upon the location of the patrol unit in relation to the street under observation.
4. Conspicuous Observation – Stationary observation in which the observer remains in full review of traffic conditions.
5. Visible Observation – Stationary observation in which the observer is in full view but so located, for example, at Side Street, to require effort on the part of traffic users to discover the observer.
6. Concealed Observation – Stationary observation in which the observer is not visible to persons using ordinary power of observation from the roadway being observed.
Traffic Signs – a device mounted on a fixed or portable means of words or symbols, officially created and installed for the purpose of regulating, warning, and guiding traffic.
Types of Traffic Signs
1. Regulatory Signs - are intended to inform road-users of special obligations, instructions, or prohibitions that must comply. A round shape is used for regulatory signs except for stop and yield signs.
2. Warning Signs - are intended to warn road-users of danger on the road and to inform them of its nature. These signs have an equilateral triangular shape with one side horizontal.
3. Guide or Informative Signs - are intended to guide road-users while they are traveling or to provide them with other useful information.
1. Regulatory Signs - are intended to inform road-users of special obligations, instructions, or prohibitions that must comply. A round shape is used for regulatory signs except for stop and yield signs.
2. Warning Signs - are intended to warn road-users of danger on the road and to inform them of its nature. These signs have an equilateral triangular shape with one side horizontal.
3. Guide or Informative Signs - are intended to guide road-users while they are traveling or to provide them with other useful information.
Types of Guide Signs
1. Route markings – are usually found on highways composed of several lanes which are going into different directions.
2. Destination and distance signs – are usually erected on the highway informing the motorist as to the number of kilometers and the direction to take to their place of destination.
3. Information signs – are usually erected on highway which informs the motorist of the establishments in the area, such as hospitals, restaurants, restrooms, hotels, and other establishments that provide services to motorists.
Transfer Evidence – it is evidence found at the accident scene that will connect to the suspected vehicle and the crime scene.
1. Route markings – are usually found on highways composed of several lanes which are going into different directions.
2. Destination and distance signs – are usually erected on the highway informing the motorist as to the number of kilometers and the direction to take to their place of destination.
3. Information signs – are usually erected on highway which informs the motorist of the establishments in the area, such as hospitals, restaurants, restrooms, hotels, and other establishments that provide services to motorists.
Transfer Evidence – it is evidence found at the accident scene that will connect to the suspected vehicle and the crime scene.
Bigwas
Bigwas blog about Criminal law and Procedure, Criminology and Crimes, Philippine Banking and Finance, Insurance and Investment.