Human Behavior and Crisis Management Reviewer
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| Crisis Management |
Human Behavior And Crisis Management
Definition of Terms
Automatic Cues or Fixed Action Responses - these are responses that
are usually found or used among animals when you instruct them to do
something. For example, in an animal show, animal trainers use a
whistle to elicit a specific response from an animal.
Antisocial Personality Disorder - is characterized by a long-standing
pattern of a disregard for other people’s rights, often crossing the
line and violating those rights. It usually begins in childhood or
as a teen and continues into their adult lives.
Anxiety - a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease about something
with an uncertain outcome.
Apathy - lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern.
Avoidant Personality Disorder - experience long-standing feelings of
inadequacy and are extremely sensitive to what others think about
them. These feelings of inadequacy leads to the person to be socially
inhibited and feel socially inept. Because of these feelings of
inadequacy and inhibition, the person with avoidant personality
disorder will seek to avoid work, school and any activities that
involve socializing or interacting with others.
Borderline Personality Disorder - (BPD) is a pervasive pattern of
instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image and emotions.
People with borderline personality disorder are also usually very
impulsive, oftentimes demonstrating self-injurious behaviors (risky
sexual behaviors, cutting, suicide attempts).
Compulsion - A sudden and irresistible force compelling a person to
do some action.
Conditions and Factors that surrounds and influences an individual
that can cause certain behavior patterns.
1. Environment
2. Society
3. Heredity
4. Learning
Counter-Surveillance - any method either physical or technical
employed by the offender(s) to detect Law Enforcement involvement
or the use of surveillance.
Courier - the person(s) delivering the concessions(s), which, purports
to be, that being demanded by the offenders.
Criminal Behavior - is intentional behavior that violates a criminal
code; intentional in that it did not occurs accidentally or
under duress.
Criminal Psychiatry - a branch of psychiatry that deals with the
evaluations, prevention and cure of criminal behavior.
Criminal Psychology - a branch of psychology that deals with the study
of behavior and mental processes of the criminal.
Criminal Siege - is a result of a perpetration of crime that went
wrong and the criminals were trapped or cornered by law enforcers. In
many cases, hostage taking is violent and unplanned.
Criminal Sociology - a branch of sociology that studies about the
criminal and to its relation to the social structure of organization
of society as well the process on how the criminal learn the behavior,
both criminal and non-criminal.
Crisis - Any situation that is threatening or could threaten to harm
people or property, seriously interrupt operations, damage reputation
and/or negatively impact the bottom line.
Crisis Intervention - focuses on studying an individual’s life in
order to defuse the destructive effects of the unusual stress being
experienced, and then assisting the individual in crisis to go back
to his or her normal condition before the crisis.
Crisis Management - is the expert handling of a situation to reduce or
eliminate danger or destruction.
Crisis Negotiation - the use of communication techniques and strategies
to influence a person to change his/her behavior in accordance with
goals within legal, ethical and moral constraints.
Crisis Negotiation Team - Composition
1. Primary Negotiator - actually communicates with the subject.
2. Secondary Negotiator - (Backup) assists the primary negotiator
by offering advice, monitoring the negotiations, keeping
notes, and ensuring that the Primary Negotiator sees and
hears everything in the proper perspective.
3. Intelligence Liaison/Recorder - interviews individuals
associated with the suspect to compile a criminal history
and a history of mental illness, as well as to gather other
relevant information. He is also in charge of the recordings
of all conversations.
4. Negotiation Team Leader - the most senior member of the team
act as a leader. His primary responsibility is to act as a
buffer between command personnel and the Negotiation Team.
He/She advises the Incident/On-Scene Commander on the best
negotiating strategies and co-ordinates the process with the
SWAT and the forward command resources.
5. Board Negotiator - he/she maintains a visual display of all
information relevant to the negotiations, i.e. deadlines,
demands and details of persons known to be in the stronghold.
Deadlock - means no deal and no agreement—in other words, failure of
the negotiation.
Debriefing - shall be conducted after each positive police action to
evaluate and study operational lapses. Proper assessment of the
situation is an important key to a successful operation during
hostage-taking scenarios. Debriefing also assists in determining and
establishing best practice.
Delusion - is a belief held with strong conviction despite superior
evidence to the contrary.
Dependent Personality Disorder - is characterized by a long-standing
need for the person to be taken care of and a fear of being abandoned
or separated from important individuals in his or her life. This
leads the person to engage in dependent and submissive behaviors
that are designed to elicit care-giving behaviors in others. The
dependent behavior may be see as being “clingy” or “clinging on”
to others, because the person fears they can’t live their lives
without the help of others.
Depressive and Suicidal - is an individual who has no contact with
reality. He/She is characterized by the following:
a. Irritable depressed mood
b. Diminished interests
c. Weight loss and fatigue
d. Insomnia or hypersomnia
e. Psychomotor agitation or retardation
f. Feeling of worthlessness and guilt
g. Lack of concentration
h. Thoughts of death.
Deviant Behavior - a behavior that deviates from the norms and
standards of the society. It is not criminal behavior but it has
the tendency to become abnormal behavior, it will become criminals
when it violates the provision of the criminal law.
Emphaty - is the ability to understand and share the feelings of
another. It is where the negotiator tries to perceive the emotional
state or condition of the subject and feedback a response that
demonstrates his/her understanding of the subject.
Hematophobia - an abnormal and persistent fear of blood.
Histrionic Personality Disorder - is characterized by a long-standing
pattern of attention seeking behavior and extreme emotionality.
Someone with histrionic personality disorder wants to be the center
of attention in any group of people, and feel uncomfortable when they
are not. While often lively, interesting and sometimes dramatic, they
have difficulty when people aren’t focused exclusively on them.
Hostage - an individual who has been held by the perpetrators against
his/her will.
Hostage-taker(s) - an individual or group of person who hold another
person(s) against his/her/their will as bargaining chips for purposes
of demanding certain amount of money, self-protection, thwarting any
police action, or pursuing personal interest or that of the general
public.
Hostage Taking - is a situation that set of circumstances wherein a
suspected law violator is holding a person in captive by the use of
force or threat of violence.
Hot Debrief - short debriefing conducted by negotiating team prior to
turn over to another set of negotiating team.
Human Behavior - is refers to the manner, the way in which a human
react to his environment.
Illusion - is a distortion of the senses, revealing how the brain
normally organizes and interprets sensory stimulation. Though
illusions distort reality, they are generally shared by most people.
Impulsion - a strong urge to do something.
Incident/On-Scene Commander - the senior officer in command of the
incident.
Inside Agent - a person who is in any advantageous position (e.g.
employed by the victim or victim’s organization) which allows them
to gather intelligence or carry out counter surveillance on behalf
of the offenders.
Intermediary - any person authorized by the Incident/On-Scene
Commander to communicate with the hostage-takers either upon the
request of the latter or to facilitate smooth communication between
the designated negotiators and the hostage-takers. All actions of the
intermediary are supervised by the negotiators.
Kidnapper(s) - an individual or group of persons who kidnapped or held
another person against his/her will as bargaining chips for purposes of
demanding certain amount of money, self-protection, thwarting any
police action, or pursuing personal interest.
Learned - an operant behavior which involves cognitive adaptation that
enhances the human being’s ability to cope with changes in the
environment and to manipulate the environment.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder - is characterized by a long-standing
pattern of grandiosity (either in fantasy or actual behavior), an
overwhelming need for admiration, and usually a complete lack of empathy
toward others. People with this disorder often believe they are of
primary importance in everybody’s life or to anyone they meet.
Negotiation - to communicate on a matter of disagreement between two
parties, with a view to first listen to the other party’s perspective
and then attempt to arrive at a resolution agreed by consensus.
Negotiator - a trained PNP personnel or any person authorized by the
Incident/On-Scene Commander to negotiate for and in behalf of the
police.
Neighborhood Check – the process of getting information from a person
who knew the victim particularly in the neighborhood with the purpose
of obtaining material information about the victim and probable suspect.
Obsession - an idea or thought that continually preoccupies or intrudes
on a person's mind.
Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder - (OCD) is an anxiety disorder
characterized by intrusive thoughts that produce uneasiness,
apprehension, fear or worry (obsessions), repetitive behaviors aimed
at reducing the associated anxiety (compulsions), or a combination of
such obsessions and compulsions. Symptoms of the disorder include
excessive washing or cleaning, repeated checking, extreme hoarding,
preoccupation with sexual, violent or religious thoughts,
relationship-related obsessions, aversion to particular numbers and
nervous rituals such as opening and closing a door a certain number of
times before entering or leaving a room.
Paranoid - is a mental disorder characterized by paranoia and a pervasive,
long-standing suspiciousness and generalized mistrust of others.
Paranoid Personality Disorder - are generally characterized by having
a long-standing pattern of pervasive distrust and auspiciousness of
others. A person with paranoid personality disorder will nearly
always believe that other people’s motives are suspect or even malevolent.
Individuals with this disorder assume that other people will exploit,
harm, or deceive them, even if no evidence exists to support this
expectation.
Pay-off – the act of exchanging an agreed amount between the family and
the kidnappers at a designated time and place for the safe release of
the victim.
Personality Disorder - is not a mental disorder. Individuals with
personality disorders can function in the world to a high level, e.g.
look after themselves, business, finance, etc. However, they fail to
function normally in terms of their relationship with other people.
They have dramatic/aggressive clusters of behavior.
Characteristics of a Person with Personality Disorder
1. No conscience – lacks guilt or remorse, inability to love,
no empathy. A Bully.
2. Selfish, no loyalty
3. Manipulative/charmer – likes power/controlling others
4. Sexually experimenting
5. Seeks immediate gratification, thrill seeker
6. Low anxiety, blames others – never their fault
7. Frustration tolerance low – may turn to his/her for stimulation
8. Low self esteem, poor achievement history
9. Poor planner – lacks follow through
10.Probable marital and employment problems
11.Chaotic family relationship
12.Excessive/exorbitant and
13.Changing demands
14.Suicide potential high
15.Seeks attention/audience
16.Wants to prove can do something
17.May like attention and not want to end incident
Phases of a Crisis
1. Pre-Incident Phase - is the period of time prior to an incident
occurring. This Phase consists of the following:
a. Prediction - determination of what incident is going to occur
and when it is going to occur, is the key to minimizing the
effects of the incident.
b. Prevention - the best way to minimize the damage done by an
incident is to prevent it from occurring. Not all incidents are
preventable like natural disasters. Some preventable incidents
may be detected too late to prevent them.
c. Preparation - 2 Forms of preparation
1. Preparation of the response designed to prevent the incident
2. Preparation for the incident.
2. Incident Occurrence - is the instance in time at which the incident
occurs or starts to occur if it has not been prevented.
3. Post-Occurrence Phase - during this phase, the incident may get
worse. This Phase consists of the following:
a. Recognition
b. Response
1. Initial Response
2. Consolidation
3. Stand down
c. Recovery
d. Investigation
4. Post-Incident Phase - incident is likely to have a finite lifetime.
Most incidents will conclude without intervention. However, without
intervention the effects of the incident may be worse or the
incident may last longer. This Phase Consist of the following:
a. Restoration - once the incident is over, normality returns over
a period of time which can take months or years for very severe
incidents.
b. Investigation - may be performed after the incident concludes
to provide information and evidence for any hearing, inquiries
and criminal prosecution.
c. Post-Incident Discussion Activities - activities include
immediate incident debriefs and other types of incident
discussions occurring some time after the incident concludes.
The aim of the debriefs is to identify areas for improvement.
Phobia - is an overwhelming and unreasonable fear of an object or
situation that poses little real danger but provokes anxiety and
avoidance.
Proof of life - positive proof that the hostage is alive, obtained
from a reliable or verified source.
Psychotic – (Paranoid Schizophrenic) is a mental disorder which means
that individuals affected cannot function in the world adequately on
a day-to-day basis. They see the world as disorder and they are
desperately trying to make sense of it. They have odd/eccentric clusters
of behavior and fear/terror may be their underlying emotion.
Characteristics of a Psychotic Individual
1. Disorganized Thinking
a. Delusions, false beliefs – often of persecution or
grandeur despite evidence to the contrary.
b. Thoughts spill out in no logical order, leaps from one
idea to another.
2. Disturbed Perception - Hallucinations, all 5 senses with no
known cause.
3. Inappropriate emotions/actions - Laughs at funerals, cries when
others laugh, performs compulsive or senseless acts e.g.
rocking, rubbing, twisting hair.
4. Socially withdrawn, aloof, detached
5. Disoriented/confused/paranoid
6. Argumentative, suspicious of others, over reacts
7. Acts peculiarly such as collecting rubbish and talking to
himself/herself
8. Belief that his/here body/thoughts is controlled by
external force.
Rapport - a close and harmonious relationship in which the people
concerned understand each other’s feelings or ideas and communicate.
Schizoid Personality Disorder - is a personality disorder characterized
by a lack of interest in social relationships, a tendency towards a
solitary lifestyle, secretiveness, and emotional coldness.
Schizophrenic - is an individual who has no contact with reality.
He/She is usually characterized by the following:
a. He/She is a psychotic;
b. He/She has a fundamental personality disorder;
c. He/She exhibits symptoms such as hallucinations, voices, obscene
language, giggling, self absorbed smile and sudden breaks in flow
of thinking.
Stockholm Syndrome - term that refers to a situation during hostage
taking where the victim develops rapport and becomes sympathetic with
his/her captor.
Stronghold - any location or structure, fixed or mobile, where the
hostage is being held.
Suicide Intervention - the use of communication techniques and
strategies to influence a person to change behavior and reconsider
his desire to commit suicide.
Tactical Interrogation - refers to the act of questioning or eliciting
information from a suspect to produce information of tactical or
operational value.
Time - is the most important element of hostage negotiation.
Victim - the person/company/organization to whom the unwarranted
demand or threat is directed or intended, or is expected by the
offenders to respond.
Victim Communicator - the individual communicating directly with the
people making the threat(s), demand(s) or issuing instructions.
Victimology – the process of obtaining a detailed account of the
victim’s lifestyle and personality that can assist in determining the
nature of the disappearance, the risk level of the victim, and the
type of person who could have committed the crime. It also includes
complete information regarding the victim’s physical description,
normal behavioral patterns, family dynamics and known friends and
acquaintances.
Related Pages:
1. Human Behavior and Crisis Management
2. Human Behavior Definition of Terms
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