Specialized Crime Investigation with Legal Medicine Review Questions 1
Specialized Crime Investigation with Legal Medicine Review Questions 1
1. The post-mortem examination of a dead body performed to determine the cause, manner, and mechanism of death, as well as to identify the deceased, is legally termed what?
A. Autopsy
B. Toxicology
C. Biopsy
D. Exhumation
Answer: A
2. If a medical examiner suspects that a victim died due to a lethal dose of arsenic or cyanide, what specific branch of forensic science must analyze the post-mortem blood, vitreous humor, and liver tissue samples?
A. Forensic Serology
B. Forensic Ballistics
C. Forensic Toxicology
D. Forensic Pathology
Answer: C
3. During the external post-mortem examination of a body found at a crime scene, the investigator notes a distinct reddish-purple discoloration on the dependent portions of the body due to the gravitational pooling of blood. What is this post-mortem condition called?
A. Rigor mortis
B. Livor mortis
C. Algor mortis
D. Putrefaction
Answer: B
4. A responding criminologist finds a cadaver whose muscles have completely stiffened, with chemical changes making the joints rigid. What is this post-mortem indicator used to estimate the time of death?
A. Algor mortis
B. Post-mortem lividity
C. Rigor mortis
D. Cadaveric spasm
Answer: C
5. When a body has already been buried, but a supervening court order demands that it be dug up out of the grave for a new post-mortem examination or autopsy to gather hidden evidence, what is this process called?
A. Cremation
B. Interdiction
C. Exhumation
D. Entombment
Answer: C
6. Which term refers to the bluish discoloration of the lips, nail beds, and skin caused by reduced oxygen in the blood?
A. Apnea
B. Asphyxia
C. Cyanosis
D. Hypoxia
Answer: C
7. A victim suffocates after a plastic bag is placed over the head. Which condition refers specifically to insufficient oxygen reaching the body's tissues?
A. Apnea
B. Asphyxia
C. Cyanosis
D. Hypoxia
Answer: D
8. What is the general term for oxygen deprivation caused by interference with normal breathing?
A. Apnea
B. Asphyxia
C. Cyanosis
D. Hypoxia
Answer: B
9. Which term means the temporary or complete cessation of breathing?
A. Apnea
B. Asphyxia
C. Cyanosis
D. Hypoxia
Answer: A
10. During manual strangulation, apnea, hypoxia, and cyanosis are commonly associated with which condition?
A. Apnea
B. Asphyxia
C. Cyanosis
D. Hypoxia
Answer: B
11. Which term refers to the bluish discoloration of the lips, nail beds, and skin caused by reduced oxygen in the blood?
A. Apnea
B. Asphyxia
C. Cyanosis
D. Hypoxia
Answer: C. Cyanosis
12. A victim suffocates after a plastic bag is placed over the head. Which condition refers specifically to insufficient oxygen reaching the body's tissues?
A. Apnea
B. Asphyxia
C. Cyanosis
D. Hypoxia
Answer: D. Hypoxia
13. What is the general term for oxygen deprivation caused by interference with normal breathing?
A. Apnea
B. Asphyxia
C. Cyanosis
D. Hypoxia
Answer: B. Asphyxia
14. Which term means the temporary or complete cessation of breathing?
A. Apnea
B. Asphyxia
C. Cyanosis
D. Hypoxia
Answer: A. Apnea
15. During manual strangulation, apnea, hypoxia, and cyanosis are commonly associated with which condition?
A. Apnea
B. Asphyxia
C. Cyanosis
D. Hypoxia
Answer: B. Asphyxia
16. Which type of wound is characterized by smooth, even edges produced by a sharp-edged instrument like a razor or a knife?
A. Punctured wound
B. Incised wound
C. Lacerated wound
D. Stab wound
Answer: B. This wound is produced by sharp-edged instruments which cleanly divide the skin and tissues, resulting in smooth margins.
Incised wounds are caused by sharp-edged instruments and have clean, smooth, well-defined margins. The length of the wound is greater than its depth.
17. What type of wound is produced by a blunt instrument, resulting in a tearing of the skin with irregular or ragged edges?
A. Incised wound
B. Lacerated wound
C. Abrasion
D. Punctured wound
Answer: B. Lacerations occur when the skin's tensile strength is exceeded by blunt force, causing the tissue to stretch and tear irregularly.
Lacerations result from blunt force trauma and are characterized by irregular margins, tissue bridges, and bruising or abrasion around the wound.
18. In forensic pathology, what is the term for a wound produced by a sharp-pointed instrument like an ice pick or a needle?
A. Lacerated wound
B. Incised wound
C. Stab wound
D. Punctured wound
Answer: D. Punctured wounds are characterized by a small entry point and a deep track, typical of pointed, non-bladed tools.
Puncture wounds are caused by pointed objects with a small surface area, such as nails, needles, or ice picks. They usually have a small entrance wound and a relatively deep track.
19. What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes a stab wound from an incised wound?
A. Depth of the wound
B. Presence of bruising
C. Width of the opening
D. Raggedness of edges
Answer: A. A stab wound's depth is greater than its length on the skin, whereas an incised wound's length is greater than its depth.
A stab wound has a depth greater than its surface length, whereas an incised wound has a surface length greater than its depth.
20. Which of the following describes an injury characterized by the removal of the superficial layer of the skin through friction or pressure?
A. Abrasion
B. Laceration
C. Hematoma
D. Contusion
Answer: A. Abrasions are superficial injuries where the epithelium is scraped away by friction against a rough surface.
Abrasions are superficial injuries involving the epidermis caused by rubbing or scraping.
21. An effusion of blood into the tissues underneath the skin, where the skin remains intact, is medically known as a:
A. Laceration
B. Incised wound
C. Contusion
D. Abrasion
Answer: C. A contusion, or bruise, is a closed wound where capillaries are ruptured by blunt force, causing blood to leak into surrounding tissue.
A contusion (bruise) is caused by blunt force, rupturing blood vessels without breaking the skin.
22. In a suicide case involving a cutting instrument, these superficial, exploratory cuts found near the fatal wound are called:
A. Patterned wounds
B. Post-mortem wounds
C. Defense wounds
D. Hesitation marks
Answer: D. These are shallow, multiple, and parallel cuts made by a person before they summon the courage to make the final, fatal cut.
Hesitation marks are multiple, shallow, parallel cuts commonly associated with suicidal incised wounds.
23. What is the term for a localized collection of blood within the tissue, often forming a palpable swelling or 'blood tumor'?
A. Ecchymosis
B. Petechiae
C. Contusion
D. Hematoma
Answer: D. A hematoma is a larger, more concentrated collection of clotted or partially clotted blood that forms a distinct mass.
A hematoma is a localized collection of blood outside blood vessels that forms a swelling.
24. Wounds found on the forearms or palms of a victim, sustained while trying to parry a knife attack, are classified as:
A. Accidental wounds
B. Mortal wounds
C. Hesitation marks
D. Defense wounds
Answer: D. Defense wounds are reliable evidence of a struggle, occurring when a victim attempts to grasp the weapon or shield vital organs.
Defense wounds are typically found on the hands, palms, fingers, or forearms when a victim attempts to ward off an attack.
25. Which of the following is a sign that a wound was inflicted 'antemortem' (before death)?
A. Dry, parchment-like skin
B. Lack of inflammation
C. Eversion of edges
D. Absence of bleeding
Answer: C. Antemortem wounds show retracted or gaping edges due to vital tissue elasticity and muscle contraction.
Antemortem wounds exhibit vital reactions, including active bleeding, tissue swelling, inflammation (if survival is sufficient), and gaping or eversion of the wound edges due to tissue elasticity and muscle contraction. Postmortem wounds typically show little or no bleeding, no tissue reaction, and no inflammation.
26. Which term refers to the abnormal growth of cells and the resulting altered histological or anatomical structure?
A. Hypoplasia
B. Aplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Anaplasia
Answer: C. Dysplasia (from Greek dys- "bad/disordered" + -plasia "formation") refers to disorganized, abnormal cell growth resulting in compromised tissue architecture and histology. While potentially precancerous, it remains a reversible process if the underlying stimulus is removed.
Anaplasia: Complete loss of structural differentiation. Poorly differentiated, hallmark of malignancy (Cancer).
Hypoplasia: Underdevelopment or incomplete growth of tissue/organ. Fewer cells than normal from birth/development.
Aplasia: Complete failure of an organ or tissue to develop. Total absence of cellular growth.
27. What is rigor mortis?
A. Cooling of the body after death
B. Stiffening of the muscles after death
C. Discoloration of the skin after death
D. Decomposition of tissues
Answer: B. Stiffening of the muscles after death
Explanation: Rigor mortis is the postmortem stiffening of muscles caused by chemical changes that occur after death.
28. What does algor mortis refer to?
A. Muscle stiffening after death
B. Settling of blood after death
C. Cooling of the body after death
D. Mummification of the body
Answer: C. Cooling of the body after death
Explanation: Algor mortis is the gradual decrease in body temperature until it reaches the temperature of the surrounding environment.
29. What causes livor mortis?
A. Bacterial growth
B. Blood settling in the lower parts of the body
C. Drying of tissues
D. Loss of body heat
Answer: B. Blood settling in the lower parts of the body
Explanation: Livor mortis occurs when blood settles by gravity in the dependent portions of the body after circulation stops.
30. Which postmortem change is characterized by muscle rigidity?
A. Algor mortis
B. Livor mortis
C. Rigor mortis
D. Autolysis
Answer: C. Rigor mortis
Explanation: Rigor mortis specifically refers to the stiffening and hardening of muscles after death.
31. Which postmortem change helps estimate time of death through body temperature?
A. Livor mortis
B. Rigor mortis
C. Algor mortis
D. Putrefaction
Answer: C. Algor mortis
Explanation: Investigators may use algor mortis to estimate the postmortem interval by measuring the body's cooling rate.
32. A purplish discoloration on the lower portion of a corpse is most likely due to:
A. Algor mortis
B. Rigor mortis
C. Livor mortis
D. Skeletonization
Answer: C. Livor mortis
Explanation: Livor mortis causes a purplish-red discoloration of the skin as blood pools in the dependent areas of the body after death.
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