tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-699902575390716692024-03-13T23:18:58.279-07:00BigwasBigwashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12735618787771477107noreply@blogger.comBlogger1159125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69990257539071669.post-36438883446464140152024-03-13T02:48:00.000-07:002024-03-13T02:56:22.164-07:00CFLM - 1 Leadership, Decision-making, Management, and Administration<p> CFLM 1 - Leadership, Decision-Making, Management, and Administration</p><p><br /></p><p>Syllabi/Table of Specifications</p><p><br /></p><p>The registered criminologist can perform the competencies under the following sub-topics:</p><p>1. Define and identify the theories, characteristics, and principles of leadership, leadership and management styles, leaders and managers qualities, leadership and management.</p><p>2. Apply and appraise the principles, theories, and functions of police administration, police management, efficient management, division of work, authority and responsibility, unity of command and scalar chain, the </p><p>3. Apply, evaluate, and design problem-solving and decision-making factors, information, characteristics, principles, and guidelines. </p><p>ADMINISTRATIVE THEORY: </p><p>The Administrative Theory is based on the concept of departmentalization, which means the different activities to be performed for achieving the common purpose of the organization should be identified and be classified into different groups or departments, such that the task can be accomplished effectively.</p><p><br /></p><p>The administrative theory is given by Henri Fayol, who believed that more emphasis should be laid on organizational management and the human and behavioral factors in management. Thus, unlike the scientific management theory of Taylor where more emphasis was on improving the workers' efficiency and minimizing the task time, here the main focus is on how the management of the organization is structured and how well the individuals therein are organized to accomplish the tasks given to them.</p><p><br /></p><p>The other difference between these two is, that the administrative theory focuses on improving the efficiency of management first so that the processes can be standardized and then moves to the operational level where the individual workers are made to learn the changes and implement those in their routine jobs. In the case of the scientific management theory, it emphasizes improving the efficiency of the workers at the operating level first which in turn improves the efficiency of the management. Thus, the administrative theory follows the top-down approach while the scientific management theory follows the bottom-up approach.</p><p><br /></p><p>14 PRINCIPLES OF HENRY FAYOL</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Division of Work: The work should be divided among the individuals based on their specializations, so as to ensure their full focus on the effective completion of the task assigned to them.</p><p>2. Authority and Responsibility: The authority and responsibility are related to each other. Authority means the right to give orders while responsibility means being accountable. Thus, to whomsoever the authority is given to exact obedience must be held accountable for anything that goes wrong.</p><p>3. Discipline: The individuals working in the organization must be well-disciplined. Refers to the obedience, behavior, and respect shown by the employees towards others.</p><p>4. Unity of Command: According to this principle, an individual in the organization must receive orders from only one supervisor. In case an individual has a reporting relationship with more than one supervisor then there may be more conflicts with respect to whose instructions to be followed.</p><p>5. Unity of Direction: Unity of direction means, all the individuals or groups performing different kinds of tasks must be directed towards the common objective of the organization.</p><p>6. Subordination of Individual to General Interest: According to this principle, the individual and organizational interests must coincide to get the task accomplished. The individual must not place his personal interest over the common interest, in case there is a conflict.</p><p>7. Remuneration of Personnel: The payment methods should be fair enough such that both the employees and the employers are satisfied.</p><p>8. Centralization: Fayol defines centralization as the means of reducing the importance of a subordinate’s role in the organization, and the extent to which the authority is centralized or decentralized depends on the organization type in which the manager is working.</p><p>9. Scalar Chain: This means there should be a proper hierarchy in the organization that facilitates the proper flow of authority and communication. It suggests that everyone must know from whom he shall get instructions and to whom he is accountable. Also, the communication either going up or down must pass through each level of authority. In certain circumstances where the quick flow of communication is required, the rigidity of a scalar chain can pose problems. Thus, Henry Fayol has suggested “gangplank” which means anybody in the hierarchy can interact with each other irrespective of their authority levels.</p><p>10. Order: This principle is related to the systematic arrangement of things and people in the organization. This means every material should be in its place, and there should be a place for every material. Likewise, in the case of people, the right man should be in the right job.</p><p>11. Equity: All the employees in the organization must be treated equally with respect to justice and kindliness.</p><p>12. Stability of Tenure: The employees should be retained in the organization, as new appointments may incur huge selection and training costs.</p><p>13. Initiative: The manager must motivate his subordinates to think and take action to execute the plan. They must be encouraged to take initiative as this increases the zeal and energy among the individuals.</p><p>14. Esprit de Corps: This means “unity is strength”. Thus, every individual must work together to gain synergy and establish cordial relations with each other. </p><p><br /></p><p>Thus, Henry Fayol emphasized the managerial activities and classified these further into five sub-activities Viz. Planning, Organizing, Directing, coordinating, and controlling, and for a better understanding of these he proposed 14 principles of management.</p><p><br /></p><p><b><u><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2023/09/cflm-2-character-formation-nationalism.html">CLFM -2: Next Page</a></u></b></p><p><b><br /></b></p><p><b>Related:</b></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2014/10/police-personnel-and-records-management.html">Police Personnel and Records Management</a></b></li></ul><p></p>Bigwashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12735618787771477107noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69990257539071669.post-16573935987545306102024-03-13T00:54:00.000-07:002024-03-13T00:54:45.407-07:00Institutional Corrections Reviewer 3<p> PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM </p><p><br /></p><p>The Philippines is one of the many countries that came under the influence of the Roman law. History has shown that the Roman Empire reached its greatest extent to most of continental Europe such as Spain, Portugal, French and all of Central Europe. </p><p><br /></p><p>Eventually, the Spanish Civil Code became effective in the Philippines on December 7, 1889, the “Conquistadores”. The “Kodigo Penal”(now Revised Penal Code) was also introduced promulgated by the King of Spain. Basically, these laws adopted the Roman law principles.</p><p><br /></p><p>Mostly tribal traditions, customs and practices influence laws during the Pre-Spanish Philippines. There were also laws that were written which includes the Code of Kalantiao (promulgated in 1433) – the most extensive and severe law that prescribes harsh punishment, and the Maragtas Code (Datu Sumakwel). </p><p><br /></p><p>Early prisons in the Philippines </p><p>OLD BILIBID PRISON </p><p>- known as Carcel y Presidio Correccional (Spanish, "Correctional Jail and Military Prison") occupied a rectangular piece of land which was part of the May halique Estate in the heart of Manila. </p><p>- It was established on June 25, 1865 under a Spanish royal decree. </p><p>- It is divided into two sections the Carcel Section which could accommodate 600 inmates and the Presidio, which could accommodate 527 prisoners. </p><p>- The remnants of the old facility was used by the City of Manila as its detention center then known as Manila City Jail, famous as the “May Halique Estate”. </p><p>- In 1941 the new facility was officially named "The New Bilibid Prison". </p><p>- It is maintained by the Bureau of Correction. (BuCor) under the Philippine Department of Justice.</p><p><br /></p><p>Tomoyuki Yamashita - commander of the Japanese Imperial Army in the Philippines in 1944 - Incarcerated while undergoing trial for war crimes; eventually executed by hanging in Los Baños on February 23, 1946. </p><p><br /></p><p>In 1936, the City Manila exchanges its Muntinlupa property with the Bureau of Prisons originally intended as a site for boys’ training school. Today, the old Bilibid Prison is now being used as the Manila City Jail, famous as the “May Halique Estate”.</p><p><br /></p><p>The Bureau of Corrections </p><p>Bureau of Prisons was renamed Bureau of Correction under Executive Order 292 passed during the Aquino Administration. It states that the head of the Bureau of Corrections is Director of Prisons who is appointed by the President of the Philippines with the confirmation of the commission of appointments. </p><p><br /></p><p>The Bureau of Corrections has general supervision and control of all national prisons or penitentiaries. It is changed with the safekeeping of all Insular Prisoners confined therein or committed to custody of the Bureau.</p><p><br /></p><p>Inmates of the Bureau of Corrections are classified according to the following: </p><p>1. DETAINEE - Those whose cases are or have other pending cases; </p><p>2. THIRD CLASS INMATE - Those who have been previously committed as a sentenced prisoner for three times or more except cases involving non-payment of fines, or those whose classification were reduced from higher class. </p><p>3. SECOND CLASS INMATE - Newly arrived inmates committed for the first time, or demoted from the higher class or promoted from a lower class. </p><p>4. FIRST CLASS INMATE - One whose known character and credit for work while still in detention earned classification to his class; or one who was promoted from lower class; and </p><p>5. COLONIST - A classified first class inmate for at least one year immediately preceding his classification as such, and has served with good conduct, at least one-fifth of his maximum sentence, or has served seven years in case of life sentence.</p><p><br /></p><p>Coverage of the Bureau of Corrections </p><p>A. NATIONAL BILIBID PRISON (MUNTINLUPA CITY) NEW BILIBID PRISON (NBP) Main Building Muntinlupa </p><p>- Constructed in 1847 by virtue of Royal Decree of the Spanish crown pursuant to sec. 1708 of the Revised Administrative Code. - Operates in two satellite units, namely Camp Bukang Liwayway(Minimum Security Prisoners) and Camp Sampaguita (Medium Security Unit and Youth Rehabilitation center)</p><p>B. RECEPTION AND DIAGNOSTIC CENTER </p><p>C. CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION FOR WOMEN (CIW) </p><p>- Mandaluyong City </p><p>- Created Pursuant to Act 3579, Nov. 27, 1929 </p><p>- 11 hectares </p><p>- 1934 – date of creation for the position for a Female Superintendent </p><p>- Conducts vocational courses in dressmaking, beauty culture, handicrafts, cloth weaving and slipper making. </p><p>- Smallest penal colony </p><p>- RAMON VICTORIA- first Director of CIW </p><p>- ELIZABETH FRY- first woman to advocate the rights of the woman inmates</p><p>D. THE PENAL COLONIES </p><p>1. SABLAYAN PENAL COLONY AND FARM </p><p>- 16,000 hectares Sablayan, San Jose, Occidental Mindoro </p><p>- Created pursuant to proclamation no. 72, September 26, 1954 </p><p>- Rice production</p><p>2. IWAHIG PENAL COLONY AND FARM(OLD NAME IUHIT) </p><p>- Puerto Princesa City, Palawan </p><p>- Created pursuant to Sec. 1709, Revised Administrative Code of 1917 </p><p>- Rice production, Corn, copra, logs, minor forest products and cattle’s </p><p>- RJ Shields - the first American superintendent </p><p>- Largest penal facility in the Philippines </p><p>- Previously an institution for incorrigibles </p><p>- Enjoys the reputation ob being one of the best open institutions all over the world. </p><p>- 36,000 hectares: SUB-COLONIES( sta. Lucia, Inawagan, Montible and Central Sub-colony) </p><p>- It administers the TAGUMPAY SETTLEMENT. The settlement is 1,000 hectares apportion of which was divided into 6 hectares homestead lots which were distributed to released inmates who desired to live in the settlement.</p><p>3. DAVAO PENAL COLONY AND FARM </p><p>- Central Davao/Panabo Davao </p><p>- Created pursuant to act no. 3732 and Proclamation No. 414 series of 1931, established January 21, 1932 </p><p>- Gen. Paulino Santos its founder and director of prisons led the first contingent </p><p>- Abacca is the main product - Biggest Banana producers </p><p>- Concentration camp of American Prisoners of war in the year 1942. </p><p>- Concentration Camp of Japan during World War II </p><p>- Second largest facility </p><p>- Biggest source of income of Bucor</p><p>3. DAVAO PENAL COLONY AND FARM - Central Davao/Panabo Davao - Created pursuant to act no. 3732 and Proclamation No. 414 series of 1931, established January 21, 1932 - Gen. Paulino Santos its founder and director of prisons led the first contingent - Abacca is the main product - Biggest Banana producers - Concentration camp of American Prisoners of war in the year 1942. - Concentration Camp of Japan during World War II - Second largest facility - Biggest source of income of Bucor 4. SAN RAMON PENAL COLONY AND FARM - Zamboanga Ciy - The prison was named after the founder Capt. Ramon Blanco of the Spanish Royal Army. - Created pursuant to sec. 1720, R.A.C. 1917 - Land area (1546 hectares) Its prime product is Copra and it also raises rice, corn, coffee, cattle and livestock. - January 1, 1915- when SAN RAMON PENAL COLONY AND FARM Was under the Bureau of Prisons - The first penal institution of the Philippines - Dr. Jose Rizal was incarcerated in this penal colony - Primarily intended to confine Muslim prisons</p><p>3. DAVAO PENAL COLONY AND FARM - Central Davao/Panabo Davao - Created pursuant to act no. 3732 and Proclamation No. 414 series of 1931, established January 21, 1932 - Gen. Paulino Santos its founder and director of prisons led the first contingent - Abacca is the main product - Biggest Banana producers - Concentration camp of American Prisoners of war in the year 1942. - Concentration Camp of Japan during World War II - Second largest facility - Biggest source of income of Bucor </p><p>4. SAN RAMON PENAL COLONY AND FARM </p><p>- Zamboanga Ciy </p><p>- The prison was named after the founder Capt. Ramon Blanco of the Spanish Royal Army. </p><p>- Created pursuant to sec. 1720, R.A.C. 1917 </p><p>- Land area (1546 hectares) Its prime product is Copra and it also raises rice, corn, coffee, cattle and livestock. </p><p>- January 1, 1915- when SAN RAMON PENAL COLONY AND FARM Was under the Bureau of Prisons </p><p>- The first penal institution of the Philippines </p><p>- Dr. Jose Rizal was incarcerated in this penal colony </p><p>- Primarily intended to confine Muslim prisons</p><p>5. LEYTE REGIONAL PRISON </p><p>- Abuyog Leyte - Created pursuant to proc. No. 1101, January 16, 1973 </p><p>- Youngest penal colony </p><p>6. ILOILO PENAL COLONY AND FARM - Iloilo province</p><p><br /></p><p>BUREAU OF JAIL MANAGEMENT AND PENOLOGY (BJMP) </p><p>On January 2, 1991, the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology was created thru Republic Act 6975 as a line Bureau under the Department of Interior and Local Government. The Jail Bureau is the upgraded version of its forerunner, the Office of Jail Management and Penology of the defunct PC/INP last headed by BRIG GEN Arsenio E. Concepcion. </p><p><br /></p><p>Subsequently, R.A. 9263, also known as the “Bureau of Fire Protection and Bureau of Jail Management and Penology Professionalization Act of 2004” and its Implementing Rules and Regulations strengthened the provisions of R.A. 6975, redefined many of the BJMP’s existing policies and restructured the Bureau’s organization.</p><p><br /></p><p>POWERS OF THE BJMP </p><p>The bureau shall exercise supervision and control over all districts, city and municipal jails to ensure a secured, clean, sanitary and adequately equipped jail for the custody and safekeeping of city and municipal prisoners, any fugitive from justice or prisons detained awaiting investigation or trial and /or transfer to the National Penitentiary, and any violent, mentally ill person who endangers him self or the safety of others.</p><p><br /></p><p>Function of the BJMP </p><p>In line with its mission, the Bureau endeavors to perform the following: </p><p>1. formulate policies and guidelines on the administration of all districts, city and municipal jails nationwide; </p><p>2. formulate and implement policies for the programs of correction, rehabilitation and treatment of offenders; </p><p>3. plan the program funds for the subsistence allowance of offenders; </p><p>4. conduct researches, develop and implement plans and program for the improvement of jails services throughout the country;</p><p><br /></p><p>Organization and Key Positions in the BJMP </p><p>The BJMP, also referred to the jail bureau, was created pursuit to Section 60, R.A. no.6975, and initially consisting of uniformed officers and members of the jail management and penology service as constituted under P.D. no.765. </p><p><br /></p><p>The Bureau shall be headed by a chief with the rank of director, and assisted by a deputy chief with the rank of chief superintendent. </p><p><br /></p><p>The Central Office is the command and staff HQ of the jail bureau composed of 3 commands groups, 6 coordinating Staff Divisions, 6 especial staff Groups and 6 personal Staff Groups namely: </p><p><br /></p><p>1. Command Group – Chief, BJMP – Deputy C/BJMP – Chief of Staff </p><p>2. Coordinating Staff Groups – Administrative Division, Operations Division, Logistics Division, Finance Management Division, Research Plans and Programs Division, Inspection and Investigation Division. </p><p>3. Special Staff Groups – General Services Unit, Health Services Unit, Chaplain Services Unit, Community Services Unit, Finance Services Unit, Hearing Office. </p><p>4. Personal Staff Groups – Aide-de-Camp, Intelligence Office, Public Information Office, Legal Office, Adjudication Office, Internal Audit.</p><p><br /></p><p>REGIONAL OFFICE </p><p>– At the Regional Level, each Region shall have a designated Assistant regional Director for Jail management and Penology. </p><p><br /></p><p>PROVINCIAL LEVEL </p><p>– in the Provincial Level, there shall be designated a Provincial Jail Administrator to perform the same functions as the ARDs province wide. </p><p><br /></p><p>DISTRICT OFFICE </p><p>– in the District Level, where there are large cities and municipalities, a district jail with subordinate jails, headed by a District warden may be established as necessary.</p><p><br /></p><p>CITY AND MUNICIPAL OFFICE </p><p>– in the City and Municipal level, a city or municipal Warden shall head each jail. </p><p><br /></p><p>Duties and Responsibilities </p><p>WARDEN </p><p>The warden is responsible for the direction, Coordination, and Control of the Jail. This includes the Security, safety, discipline and well being of inmates. </p><p>The office of the warden may organize the following units: </p><p>1. Intelligence and Investigation Team – it gathers, collates and submits intelligence information to the office of the warden on matter regarding the jail condition. </p><p>2. Jail Inspectorate Section – Inspect jail facilities, personnel, and prisoners and submit reports to the warden. </p><p>3. Public Relation Office – Maintain public relation to obtain the necessary and adequate public support.</p><p><br /></p><p>ASSISTANT WARDEN </p><p>The office of the Assistant Warden undertakes the development of a systematic process of treatment. </p><p>The Assistant Warden is the Chairman of the Classification Board and Disciplinary Board. </p><p>ADMINISTRATIVE GROUPS </p><p>The administrative groups take charge of all administrative functions of the jail bureau. </p><p>Personnel Management Branch </p><p>– Assignment of personnel, Procedures of selection, Preparation of Personnel reports, Individual record file. </p><p>Records and Statistics Branch </p><p>– Keep and maintain booking sheets and arrest reports, keep an orderly record of the fingerprints and photographs, Present/ Prepare statistical data of inmates. </p><p>Property and Supply Branch </p><p>– Take charge of the safekeeping of equipments and supplies and materials needed for the operation of the jail. </p><p>Budget and Finance Branch </p><p>– Take charge of all financial matters such as budgeting, financing, accounting, and auditing. </p><p>Mess Service Branch </p><p>– Take charge of the preparation of the daily menu, prepares and cook the food and serve it to inmates. </p><p>General Service Branch </p><p>- The branch responsible for the maintenance and repair of jail facilities and equipments. It is also task with the cleanliness and beautification of the jail compound. </p><p>Mittimus Computing Branch </p><p>– Tasked to receive court decisions and compute the date of the full completion of the service of sentence of inmates.</p><p>- A mittimus is a warrant issued by a court directing the jail or person authorities to receive the convicted offender for the service of sentence imposed therein or for detention. </p><p>THE SECURITY GROUPS </p><p>The security groups provides a system of sound custody, security and control of inmates and their movements and also responsible to enforce prison or jail discipline. </p><p>Escort Platoon is composed of the </p><p>a) Escort Section – to escort inmate upon order of any judicial body; upon summon of a court; or transfer to other penal institutions. </p><p>b) Subpoena Section – receives and distribute court summons, notices, subpoenas, etc. </p><p>SECURITY PLATOON </p><p>– a three (3) working platoon shifts responsible for over all security of the jail compound including gates, guard posts and towers. They are also responsible for the admitting and releasing unit. </p><p>REHABILITATION PURPOSES GROUPS </p><p>This group provide services and assistance to prisoners and their families to enable them to solve their individual needs and problems arising from the prisoners’ confinement.</p><p>Medical and Health Services Branch </p><p>– Provides medical and physical examinations of inmates upon confinement, treatment of sick inmates and conduct medical and physical examinations and provide medicines or recommend for the hospitalization of seriously ill prisoners or inmates. It also conducts psychiatric and psychological examinations. </p><p>Work and Education Therapy Services </p><p>– It take charge of the job and educational programs needed for rehabilitation of inmates by providing them job incentives so they can earn and provide support for their families while in jail. </p><p>Socio – Cultural Services </p><p>– It takes care of the social case work study of the individual prisoners by making interviews, home visits, referral to community resource, free legal service, and liaison works for the inmates. </p><p>Chaplaincy Services </p><p>– It takes charge of the religious and moral upliftment of the inmates through religious services. This branch caters to all religious sects. </p><p>Guidance and Counseling Services</p><p>– Responsible for the individual and group counselling activities to inmates solve their individual problems and to help them lead a wholesome and constructive life.</p><p><br /></p><p>RECEPTION AND DIAGNOSTIC CENTER (RDC) </p><p>This is a special unit of prison (Camp Sampaguita) where new prisoners undergo diagnostic examination, study and observation for the purpose of determining the programs of treatment and training best suited to their needs and the institution to which they should be transferred. </p><p>It is composed of the following staff members: </p><p>1. The Psychiatrist – responsible in the examination of the prisoner’s mental and emotional make-up. </p><p>2. The Psychologist – responsible to conduct study on the character and behaviour of the prisoners. </p><p>3. The Sociologist – study the social case situation of the individual prisoner. </p><p>4. The Educational Counselor – conducts orientation classes in order to change inmates’ attitude towards education and recommends educational program for the prisoner. </p><p>5. The Vocational Counselor – to test the prisoner’s special abilities, interest and skills and recommends for the vocational course best suited to the prisoner.</p><p>6. The Chaplain – encourage the prisoner to participate in religious activities. </p><p>7. The Medical Officer – conducts physical examination and recommends medical treatment of prisoners. </p><p>8. Custodial-Correctional Officer – recommends the transfer and type of custody of inmates.</p><p><br /></p><p>THE QUARANTINE CELL OR UNIT </p><p>This may be a unit of the prison or a section of the RDC where the prisoner is given thorough physical examination including blood test, x-rays, vaccinations and immunity. This is for the purpose of insuring that the prisoner is not suffering from any contagious disease, which might be transferred to the prison population. </p><p><br /></p><p>Upon admission in the Reception and Diagnostic Center, an inmate shall be placed in quarantine for at least five (5) days during which he shall be- </p><p>1) Given physical examination to determine any physical illness or handicap or mental ailment and to segregate those suspected of having an infectious or contagious disease. If found sick, the inmate shall be immediately confined in the prison hospital; </p><p>2) Oriented with prison rules; and </p><p>3) Interviewed by a counselor, social worker or other program staff officers. The interview shall be conducted in private.</p><p><br /></p><p>ADMISSION PROCEDURES IN PRISON </p><p>(1) RECEIVING </p><p>– the new prisoner is received at the RDC. The new prisoner usually comes from a provincial or city jail where he was immediately committed upon conviction by the court, and escorted by the escort platoon during his transfer to the National Prison. </p><p>(2) CHECKING OF COMMITMENT PAPERS </p><p>– the receiving officer checks the commitment papers if they are in order. That is, if they contain the signature of the judge or the signature of the clerk of court, and the seal of the court. </p><p>(3) IDENTIFICATION </p><p>– the prisoner’s identity is established through the picture and fingerprint appearing in the commitment order. This is to insure that the person being committed is the same as the person being named in the commitment order. </p><p>(4) SEARCHING </p><p>– this step involves the frisking of the prisoner and searching his personal things. Weapons and other items classified as contraband are confiscated and deposited to the property custodian. Other properties are deposited with the trust fund officer under recording and receipts.</p><p>(5) BRIEFING AND ORIENTATION </p><p>– the prisoner will be brief and oriented on the rules and regulations of the prison before he will be assigned to the RDC or the quarantine unit. </p><p><br /></p><p>ORIENTATION PROCEDURES IN PRISON </p><p>Orientation takes place with in the first few days in the center which consists in: </p><p>(a) Giving the presoners a booklet of rules to and regulation and explaining the rules to them. </p><p>(b) Conducting group meeting of the center to explain to the inmates the available treatment programs. </p><p>(c) Holding sessions with the member of the center’s staff to explain what the inmates should do in order to profit most from their experiences.</p><p><br /></p><p>THE TREATMENT PROGRAMS </p><p>The Philippines Prison System adopted two approaches in treating criminal’s offenders. </p><p>These are the Institution-Base Treatment programs. These programs aimed toward the improvement of offender’s attitude and philosophy of life, the main goal being the ultimate rehabilitation of offenders by changing inmate’s attitude. </p><p><br /></p><p>INSTITUTIONALIZED TREATMENT PROGRAMS </p><p>Prison Education </p><p>Prison education is the cornerstone of rehabilitation. It is the process or result of formal training in school or classrooms intended to shape the mind and attitude of prisoners toward good living upon their releasing. </p><p>Objective of Prison Education: </p><p>1. To return the prisoner to society with a more wholesome attitude towards living, </p><p>2. To conduct themselves as good citizens, </p><p>3. To give them knowledge and develop their skills to maintain themselves and their dependents through honest labor.</p><p><br /></p><p>Classes of Prison Education </p><p>1. General and Academic Education</p><p> – the objective of which is to eradicate illiteracy among prisoners. This could be the best contribution of correctional system can offer to society. </p><p>2. Vocational Education </p><p>– Institutional maintenance works and industrial projects, the purpose of which is to provide prisoners necessary skills for successful works in a socially acceptable occupation after their release. Courses may include: Radio Mechanics, Auto Mechanics, Horticulture, Shoemaking, Tailoring, Carpentry, Electronics, etc. </p><p>3. Physical Education </p><p>– designed for those who have physical disabilities.</p><p><br /></p><p>Work Programs </p><p>These are programs conducive to change behaviour in morale by training prisoners for a useful occupation. It is purposely to eliminate idleness on the part of the prisoners, which may contribute to “Prison stupor” and its effects the incidence of prison riot. </p><p>Classification of Prison Work Programs: </p><p>1. Educational Assignments </p><p>– prisoners maybe assigned to either general education, vocational or physical education. </p><p>2. Maintenance Assignment </p><p>– this assignment involves labor related to care and up keeping of the institution properties. </p><p>3. agricultural and Industrial Assignments </p><p>4. Unassignable </p><p>– Prisoners who are nearly to leave the institution, awaiting transfer, those in the disciplinary status, and those who are chronically ill with mental disabilities are considered unassignable prisoners. Female prisoners shall be assigned to work on jobs suitable to their age, sex and physical conditions. Prisoners over 60 years of age may be excused from hard work.</p><p><br /></p><p>Religious Services in Prison </p><p>The purpose of this program is to change the attitudes of inmates by inculcating religious values or belief. </p><p>Function of Chaplain: </p><p>1. Conduct communion and confession to inmates, </p><p>2. Conduct religious ministry such as preaching the Bible, </p><p>3. Conduct private and personal counseling, </p><p>4. Other chaplaincy services. </p><p><br /></p><p>Administrative Function of the Chaplain: </p><p>1. Member of the RDC staff, </p><p>2. Member of the Classification Committee, </p><p>3. Render Evaluation to the BPP.</p><p><br /></p><p>Recreational Programs </p><p>The only program that is conducted during free time schedule with the following objectives: </p><p>1. Mental and Physical Development </p><p>2. Help prisoner to become aware of their individual conditions to provide them a method of improvement. </p><p>3. Development of cooperative competitions, </p><p>4. Arouse the interest of the prisoners in recreational programs. </p><p>Activities of recreation may include Athletics/sports, music and arts, social games, special activities on special events etc.</p><p><br /></p><p>Medical and Health Services </p><p>Medical and health services include: </p><p>1. Mental and physical Examination </p><p>2. Diagnosis and treatment </p><p>3. Immunization </p><p>4. Sanitary inspections </p><p>5. Participation in training</p><p><br /></p><p>Counseling and Casework </p><p>Objectives of Counseling </p><p>1. Immediate solution of specific personal problem, </p><p>2. Help inmates to increase self-understanding, </p><p>Objectives of Casework </p><p>1. To obtain clear description of social history, </p><p>2. Solving immediate problems, involving family problems or other personal relationship,</p><p>3. Assist inmates toward acceptable solution, </p><p>4. Support inmates, who are nearly release by giving them guidance or information, </p><p>5. Professional assistance to offenders on probation or parole.</p><p><br /></p><p>INSTITUTIONAL CUSTODY, SECURITY AND CONTROL DIVERSIFICATION: Concept and Importance </p><p>Diversification is an administrative device of correctional institutions of providing varied and flexible types of physical plants for the more effective custody, security and control of the treatment programs of its diversified population. Diversification is the principle of separating homogenous types of prisoners that requires special treatment and custody. Separation can be done through proper classification of inmates.</p><p><br /></p><p>How Diversification is carries out? It can be done either building special institution for different classes of prisoners through proper segregation of inmates that is big institution can be broken into a smaller unit. </p><p><br /></p><p>Aims of Diversification </p><p>1. More effective execution of the treatment programs, </p><p>2. To prevent prisoners from moral and physical contamination of one group by another, </p><p>3. To prevent unnecessary custodial risks. </p><p><br /></p><p>The Classification Process </p><p>Classification is a method by which diagnosis, treatment planning and execution of the treatment programs are coordinated in the individual case study. It is a process of determining the needs and requirement of prisoners for assigning them to programs according to their needs and existing resources. </p><p><br /></p><p>Four (4) Separate but Coordinated Classification Procedure </p><p>(1) Diagnosis </p><p>– Prisoner’s case history is taken and his personality is being studied through examination and observations. </p><p>(2) Treatment Planning </p><p>– it is the formulation of tentative treatment programs suited for the prisoner.</p><p>(3) Execution of the Treatment Program </p><p>– it is the application of the treatment programs and policies by the classification committee. </p><p>(4) Re-classification </p><p>– Treatment program is kept current with the inmates changing needs</p><p><br /></p><p>Purpose of the Classification Process </p><p>The Classification process is adopted to determine the work assignment, type of supervision and custody which will be applied to the prisoners. </p><p><br /></p><p>PRISON Security, Custody and Control </p><p>Security – It involves safety measures to maintain the orderliness and discipline with in the jail or prison. </p><p><br /></p><p>Prison Discipline – is the state of good order and behavior. It includes maintenance of good standards of work, sanitation, safety, education, health and recreation. It aims at self-reliance, self-control, self-respect and self-discipline. </p><p><br /></p><p>Preventive Discipline – is the prompt correction of minor deviations committed by prisoners before they become serious violations.</p><p><br /></p><p>Control – It involves supervision of prisoners to ensure punctual and orderly movement from one place work program or assignment to another. </p><p><br /></p><p>Aims of Institutional Security and Control </p><p>1. Prevention of Escapes </p><p>2. Control of Contrabands </p><p>3. Maintinance of good order</p><p><br /></p><p>Essential Requisite for Sound Custody, Security and Control </p><p>1. Adequate system of classification of prisoners</p><p>2. Regular inspections </p><p>3. Adequate system of counting </p><p>4. Set of rules of control and safety precautions </p><p>5. Plan for the control of contraband and equipments </p><p>6. Keying system </p><p>7. Emergency plan</p><p><br /></p><p>Custody - is the guarding or penal safekeeping, it involves security measures to insure security and control with in the prison. The Prison Custodial Division carries it out. The Prison Custodial Division is changed of all matters pertaining to the custody of the Prisoner and security of the institution.</p><p><br /></p><p>Disciplinary Board in jails </p><p>The Disciplinary Board for jails is a board that is organized and maintained with in our local jails for the purpose of hearing disciplinary cases involving violation of jail rules and regulations by the inmates. </p><p>The Disciplinary Board is the authority that can impose disciplinary punishments such as: </p><p>1. Reprimand </p><p>2. Temporary or permanent cancellation of privileges in jail [visiting privileges, recreational privileges and other privileges]. </p><p>3. Extra-fatigue duty or assignment to a disciplinary squad for manual labor. </p><p>4. Close confinement in a cell or solitary confinement, which shall not exceed seven days in any calendar month. This punishment shall be imposed only in the case of incorrigible inmate when other disciplinary measures had been proven ineffective. </p><p>5. Transfer to other penal institutions </p><p>6. Loss of good conduct time allowance.</p><p><br /></p><p>Function of the Disciplinary Board </p><p>The warden tasks the board to investigate the facts regarding the alleged misconduct referred to it. It holds sessions as often as necessary in a room that may be provided for the purpose. All cases referred to it must be heard and decided within 48 hours from the date of receipt of the case.</p><p><br /></p><p>Limitations of Punishments Imposed to Offenders </p><p>The General Rule is “Every violation of jail/prisons discipline shall be dealt with accordingly. In extreme cases, where the violation necessitates immediate action, the warden or the Officer of the day may administer action taken to the Disciplinary Board.” </p><p>Under section 3, par. D, Rule XIV of the BJMP Manual states the limitations of punishments imposed to offenders as: </p><p>1. No female offenders shall be subjected to any disciplinary punishment that may affect her unborn or nursing child. </p><p>2. No Handicapped offender shall be made to suffer a punishment that might affect his health or physical well-being. </p><p>3. Corporal punishment, confinement in dark, ill-ventilated cells and any other form of cruel, unusual, inhumane or degrading punishment are absolutely prohibited. </p><p>4. Whenever the penalty of extra-fatigue duty or solitary confinement imposed affect the health of the offender, medical examination shall be conducted to determine his physical fitness to serve his punishment. </p><p>5. The jail physician shall visit the inmate undergoing punishment when necessary and shall advise the warden if he recommends the termination of the punishment on grounds of physical and mental health. </p><p>Instrument of restraint such as handcuffs, leg iron and straightjacket are not be applied as a form of punishment. They shall only be used as a precaution against escape or on ground of medical precautions to prevent the offender from injuring himself or others. </p><p>Breaches of Discipline must be handled without anger or emotionalism and decisions must be executed firmly and justly.</p><p><br /></p><p>TREATMENT OF SPECIAL OFFENDERS </p><p>Special Offenders includes women offenders, drugs addict, alcoholic, mentally ill persons and sex deviates. </p><p>Under Rule 15 of the BJMP Manual, it states that unusual offenders should not be held in jails or prisons the common jail/prison population. They should be segregated with other institutions as their temporary detention houses. However special methods of treatment shall be made such as the following:</p><p><br /></p><p>Female Offenders </p><p>The women’s quarter should be fully separated from the men quarters and no men shall be allowed to enter the women’s quarter. Female jail staff members must do all handling and supervision of female prisoners. Only works suitable to their sex, age and physically conditions should be assigned to them. </p><p><br /></p><p>Drug Addicts/Alcoholic/Sex Deviates and Mentally-ill Inmates </p><p>They must be controlled through segregation and close supervision, the medical officer shall make especial treatment/medications measures should be taken to enable the offender to follow strictly the physicians advise, constant search must be conducted to the quarters or cells for seizure of narcotics and other dangerous drug, and liquor, and transfer of the inmate to the appropriate government or private authority for their especial treatment.</p><p><br /></p><p>OFFENSES </p><p>Minor Offenses </p><p>1. Selling or bartering with fellow inmate, of items not classified as contraband </p><p>2. Rendering personal service to fellow inmate. </p><p>3. Untidy or dirty in his personal appearance. </p><p>4. Littering or failing to maintain cleanliness and orderliness in his quarters and/or surroundings. </p><p>5. Making frivolous or groundless complaints. </p><p>6. Taking the cudgels for or reporting complaints on behalf of other inmates. </p><p>7. Late in formation or duty without justification reasons. </p><p>8. Willful waste of food. </p><p><br /></p><p>Less Grave Offenses </p><p>1. Failure to report for work detail without sufficient justification. </p><p>2. Failure to render assistance to an inured personnel or inmate. </p><p>3. Failure to assist in putting out fires inside the jail. </p><p>4. Acting boisterously during religious, social and other group functions. </p><p>5. Swearing, cursing or using profane or defamatory language, directed personally towards other persons. </p><p>6. Malingering or reporting for sick call to escape work assignment. </p><p>7. Spreading rumors or maliciously intriguing against the honor of any person, particularly members of the custodial force. 8. Failing to stand at attention and give due respect when confronted by or reporting to any officer or member of the custodial force. </p><p>9. Forcing fellow inmates to render personal service to himself and/or others. </p><p>10. Exchange uniform or wearing clothes other than those issued to him for the purpose of circumventing jail rules.</p><p>11. Loitering or being in an unauthorized place. </p><p>12. Using the telephone without authority from the Desk Officer/Warden. </p><p>13. Writing, defacing, or drawing on walls, floors or any furniture or equipment. </p><p>14. Withholding information which is inimical and prejudicial to the jail administration. </p><p>15. Possession of lewd or pornographic literature and/or photographs. </p><p>16. Absence from cell, brigade, place of work during head count, or at any time without justifiable reason. </p><p>17. Failing to turn over any implements/articles issued after the work detail. </p><p>18. Committing any act prejudicial to or which is not necessary to good order and discipline.</p><p><br /></p><p>Grave Offenses </p><p>1. Making untruthful statement or lies in official communication, transaction, or investigation. </p><p>2. Keeping or concealing keys or locks of places in the jail where it is off-limits to inmates. </p><p>3. Giving gifts, selling to, or bartering with jail personnel. </p><p>4. Keeping in his possession money, jewelry, or other contraband which the rules prohibit. </p><p>5. Tattooing others or avoiding himself to be tattooed or any part of the body, or keeping any paraphernalia to be used in tattooing. </p><p>6. Forcibly taking or extracting money from fellow inmates. </p><p>7. Punishing or inflicting injury or harm upon himself or other inmates. </p><p>8. Receiving, keeping, taking or imbibing liquor and other prohibited drugs. </p><p>9. Making, improvising or keeping any kind of deadly weapon. </p><p>10. Concealing or withholding information on plans of attempted escapes. </p><p>11. Unruly conduct and behavior and flagrant disregard of discipline and instructions. </p><p>12. Escaping, attempting or planning to escape from the institution or from any guard. </p><p>13. Helping, aiding or abetting others to escape. </p><p>14. Fighting, causing any disturbance or participating therein and/or agitating to cause such disturbance or riot. </p><p>15. Indecent, immoral or lascivious acts by himself or others and/or allowing to be the subject of such indecent, immoral or lascivious acts.</p><p>16. Willful disobedience to a lawful order issued by an officer or member of the custodial force. </p><p>17. Assaulting any officer or member of the custodial force. </p><p>18. Damaging any government property or equipment issued to the inmates. </p><p>19. Participating in any kangaroo court, an unauthorized or irregular court conducted with disregard for or perversion of legal procedures as a mock court by inmates in a jail/prison.</p><p>20. Affiliating oneself to any gang or faction whose main purpose is to foment regionalism or to segregate themselves from others.21. Failing to inform the authorities concerned when afflicted with any communicable Disease, like VD, etc.</p><p>22. Engaged in gambling or any game of chance.</p><p>23. Committing any act which is in violation of nay law or ordinance, in which case, he shall separately be prosecuted criminally in accordance with law.</p><p><br /></p><p>CUSTODY, SECURITY AND CONTROL, MOVEMENT AND TRANSFER OF PRISONERS AND DETAINEES </p><p>Security and Control </p><p>a. Maintain strict control of firearms. Never permit any firearm inside the jail except in some areas where firearm are authorized. </p><p>b. Maintain 24-hour supervision of inmates. </p><p>c. Maintain system of key control which shall include an accurate listing of all keys and of receipting them. Never permit the inmates to handle keys or to study them </p><p>d. Secure firearms and anti-riot equipment in the armory where they shall be within easy reach of the jail guard and yet afford maximum security against access by offenders. </p><p>e. Supervise the proper use of tools and potentially dangerous articles such as bottles, acids, kitchen knives, etc.. and keep them out of offenders’ reach when not in use. </p><p>f. Conduct regular inmates’ count at least four (4) times within the 24-hour a day-period. Establish procedures which will ensure beyond doubt, that every offender is physically present or accountable for, at every count.</p><p>g. Conduct frequent surprise searches of offenders and their quarters to detect contraband. </p><p>h. Conduct frequent inspections of security facilities to detect tampering or defects. </p><p>i. Guard against escapes, assault on jail personnel and inmates’ disturbances. </p><p>j. Develop plans with emergencies like escape, fires, assaults, riots and noise barrage. Make plans known and understood by jail personnel. </p><p>k. Never allow a jail guard to open the inmates’ cells alone. At least, another guard should be present. </p><p>l. Select carefully the inmates to be assigned as orderly or aide and maintain rigid control over their activities. </p><p>No offender should be allowed to assume any of the authority, which belongs to the jail staff or shall any inmate be allowed to exercise authority, supervision and control over other prisoners.</p><p><br /></p><p>MOVEMENTS/TRANSFER OF INMATES </p><p>DOs </p><p>1. Maximum security measures shall be observed at all times in providing escort to non-bailable inmates following the ratio of one is to one plus one security. </p><p>2. Inmates in transit should always be handcuffed. </p><p>3. Regard all non-bailable inmates being transferred as extremely dangerous to avoid being careless. </p><p>4. Always escort an inmate in going to a toilet or washroom. </p><p>5. Escort personnel must have issued firearms and at least one (1) basic load of ammunition. </p><p>6. Guards/escorts must follow the most direct route from jail to court and back. </p><p>7. Escorts should provide their own drinks to avoid being drugged which would affect their sensorium. </p><p>8. High risk inmates should have back-up vehicles and personnel to preempt rescue and/or abduction. </p><p>9. A guard must be extra careful not to sit, stand or walk next to an inmate while carrying a gun as it can be easily grabbed from him. </p><p>10. Movement or transfer of inmate shall be treated confidentially. </p><p>11. Transporting prisoners by hired vehicle should proceed uninterrupted while passing along the highway.</p><p><br /></p><p>DONT’S </p><p>1. Never allow to escort non-bailable inmates without following the ratio of one is to one plus one security. </p><p>2. Never allow the transport of inmates without being handcuffed. </p><p>3. Never underestimate non-bailable inmates as non-dangerous persons. </p><p>4. Never allow an inmate to go to the toilet or washroom alone, </p><p>5. Never escort inmates without a firearm and a basic load of ammunition. </p><p>6. No deviation is allowed in the escorting of prisoners, only the places authorized in the court order should be strictly followed. </p><p>7. Never accept any drinks offered by inmates for they may be mixed with prohibited or regulated drugs that may affect your sensorium. </p><p>8. Never escort high-risk inmates without backup vehicles and personnel. </p><p>9. Never sit, stand or walk next to an inmate while carrying a gun as it can easily be grabbed from him. </p><p>10. Never announce the movement or transfer of inmates for security reasons. </p><p>11. Never allow the driver of a hired vehicle to stop along the highway while transporting prisoners.</p><p><br /></p><p>Prison Services Subject to the availability of resources, a jail shall provide the following services and programs to encourage and enhance the inmates’ self-respect., dignity, and sense of responsibility:</p><p>a. Food </p><p>There shall be a unit in every jail, which shall be responsible for the daily allocation of rations to inmates based on an accurate body count and shall coordinate with the custodial force in the supervision of food so that equitable distribution is maintained. Unless authorized by competent authority food rations shall not be taken out by an inmate form the mess hall or designated eating places unless permission therefore is granted by competent authority. </p><p>b. Medical and Dental </p><p>A jail shall have at least one qualified medical doctor and a dentist and a nurse. Medical services shall be organized in close coordination with the provincial health unit. </p><p>c. Education, and Skills Training </p><p>A jail shall provide literacy classes to inmates and provide them with vocational educational or training.</p><p>d. Religious, Guidance and Counseling </p><p>Religious materials and services shall be provided to inmates. There shall be designated place of worship in a jail and subject to security conditions; private religious organizations shall be allowed to visit inmates. </p><p>e. Recreation, Sports and Entertainment </p><p>Recreation and sports facilities and activities shall be provided by jail authorities to inmates. Wholesome entertainment may be allowed upon prior approval by competent authorities. </p><p>f. Work Programs </p><p>Each jail shall have a work program that will provide inmates with compensation for their labor and that will enable inmates to augment their food requirements.</p><p>g. Visitation </p><p>Inmates shall be allowed to be visited by their immediate family, and reputable friends at regular intervals and during designated hours. </p><p>h. Shelter or Living Space </p><p>Upon admission, an inmate shall be assigned a cell or area where he is given a bunk, a steel wooden bed or mat, a pillow or blanket, and a mosquito net.</p><p><br /></p><p>SECURITY PROCEDURES </p><p>Basic Security Procedures </p><p>a. Firearms shall not be carried in designated places inside the jail premises. </p><p>b. Supervision of inmates shall be on a 24-hour basis. </p><p>c. A system of key control shall be maintained. Prisoners shall not be allowed to handle keys to study them. </p><p>d. Firearms and anti-riot equipment shall be kept securely in the armory. </p><p>e. The use of all tools and other potentially dangerous articles such as bottles, acid, kitchen knives, etc. shall be closely supervised. Said items shall be kept out of reach of prisoners when not in use. </p><p>f. An accurate head count of inmates shall be made at least four (4) times within a 24-hour period. </p><p>g. Periodic surprise searches of prisoners and their quarters shall be made to detect the presence of contraband. </p><p>h. Security facilities shall be periodically examined to detect tampering or defects. </p><p>i. Adequate precautions shall be made to prevent escapes and assaults of prison guards and prisoner disturbance. </p><p>j. A jail guard shall always be accompanied by another jail guard when opening the prisoners quarters. </p><p><br /></p><p>Inmate Head Count </p><p>a. The count shall be made at specific times. </p><p>b. During the count, inmates shall not be allowed to move until the count is completed. </p><p>c. There must be a positive verification of an inmate’s presence. Counting an inmate as present on the basis of seeing any part of his clothing, his hair, or shoes shall not be made. </p><p>d. A written report on the results of each headcount shall be submitted to the Warden or Assistant Warden. </p><p>e. If the inmate count does not tally with the list of inmates, another count shall be made and a report immediately made to the Warden/Assistant Warden for any unaccounted prisoner.</p><p><br /></p><p>Meal Services - If meals are served in a dining room or similar facility, the following security measures shall be observed: a. Individual mess utensils of inmates shall be made of plastic. </p><p>b. The inmates shall be marched in columns of two along designated routes under the supervision of one or two jail guards. Other officials may be stationed along the route to direct the orderly movement of prisoners to and from the mess hall. </p><p>c. There shall be a roving supervisor to establish order in the dining room area. </p><p>d. After meals, all eating and kitchen utensils of inmates shall be collected and accounted for. If meals are served inside the cells/quarters, the jail guard shall not enter the cells/quarters to distribute food unless another officer is available to handle the keys and control the entrance door. If the food shall be served without unlocking the door if there is a danger of being overpowered by the inmates. If there is no danger, the door may be opened but the jail guard shall remain on alert.</p><p><br /></p><p>Work Detail - In case an inmate is detailed to work outside the immediate vicinity of the jail premises, the following security procedures shall be observed: </p><p>a. In no case will an inmate be allowed to work outside the jail premises without an escort guard. </p><p>b. Security shall be on one inmate: one guard ratio. </p><p>c. The inmate shall be bodily searched before and after his work detail.</p><p><br /></p><p>Outside Movement - The following basic security precautions shall be observed during the transfer/movement of inmates such as referrals to an outside hospital, viewing the remains of a deceased relative, transfer of a national prisoner to a national or other penal institution, and appearance before a court or other competent authority. Any movement of this nature should be treated confidentially.</p><p><br /></p><p>a. Before Embarkation </p><p>1. The written mission order issued by the Jail Warden/Governor, the mittimus, and other prison records of the inmate shall be placed in the custody or the possession of one of the escort guards. </p><p>2. Whenever possible, the transfer shall be effected during daylight hours. </p><p>3. The escort guard shall be given detailed instructions on their duties and responsibilities, including specific instructions that they use the most direct travel routes to their authorized destination. </p><p>4. The inmate shall be thoroughly searched for contraband or deadly weapons or objects which may be used for escape or self-destruction. </p><p>5. Money found in the possession of the inmate shall be confiscated by the Desk Officer who shall issue a receipt therefore and who shall return the money to the inmate upon his return. If the inmate is to be confined and needs money for medicine or food, the money shall be turned over under receipt to the escort guard. All disbursements made by the escort guard shall be properly receipted.</p><p>6. The prisoner shall be placed in handcuffs or other instrument of restraint. If there is more than one prisoner to be transferred, they shall be grouped in pairs and securely connected to one another by a rope, ascertaining that the inmate does not have crippled, deformed, or very small hands to allow him to slip the handcuffs off. </p><p>7. Handcuffs shall be properly adjusted for tightness before departure to avoid the need to adjust the same while in transit. </p><p>8. The inmate shall stay inside the jail premises until the vehicle to be used in transporting him is ready for boarding. The inmate shall board a motor vehicle ahead of the jail guard.</p><p><br /></p><p>b. In Transit </p><p>1. The handcuffs or instruments of restraint shall not be removed while the inmates are in transit. An inmate shall not be handcuffed to any part of the vehicle during the transit to avoid being trapped in case of a vehicular accident. </p><p>2. If it is necessary to board public transportation such as ship or airplane, the guards shall position themselves with their inmate in an area that is cleared of civilians or if this is not possible shall sit position themselves between a civilian of if this is not possible shall sit position themselves between a civilian and the inmate. </p><p>3. All inmates being transferred shall be regarded as possible escapees. The inmate being escorted shall always be under the supervision of a guard at all times, including going to the toilet or washroom, and shall always be close enough to the prisoner to respond to any untoward incident. </p><p>4. If there is more than one inmate being escorted, there shall be a head count of the inmates every turn-over of the guarding shift. The team leader of the escort guard detail shall conduct an inspection during all guarding shifts. </p><p>5. An inmate should be allowed to tinker with his handcuffs. </p><p>6. A guard shall always walk behind and not in front of the inmate being escorted. </p><p>7. If armed, the guard shall not sit, stand or walk beside the inmate, or in any case, allow the inmate to reach his firearm.</p><p>8. The guard shall not pass any unauthorized place while in transit. </p><p>9. Stopping along the highway while in transit is highly discouraged especially when transporting prisoners by vehicle solely for their use.</p><p><br /></p><p>c. Arrival at Destination </p><p>1. Upon arrival at the authorized destination, the guards and their prisoners shall stay in the public transportation until the same is cleared of the other passengers. They shall only disembark after the inmate and his personal belongings have been searched/inspected and the transportation that will bring them finally to their final destination is ready for boarding. </p><p>2. The handcuff or instrument of restraint may be removed at the authorized destination if there is no danger of escape. The guard shall return the inmate to the jail as soon as the purpose of the outside movement has been served.</p><p><br /></p><p>Medical Referrals - In case of the medical referral of an inmate to an outside hospital, the following security procedures shall also be observed. </p><p>a. The inmate who is brought to an outside hospital for medical treatment shall be provided with at least two (2) escort guards and returned to the jail during the daylight hours after the treatment is completed. </p><p>b. If the inmate is to be confined in a hospital, the inmate may be handcuffed to the bed if he is ambulatory and there is a risk that he may escape. </p><p>c. At no time shall the inmate be left unguarded. Issuance of uniforms etc. The newly admitted inmate shall be issued two (2) regulation uniforms/suits and two (2) t-shirts. Whenever practicable, he shall also be issued the following items:</p><p>a. One (1) blanket; </p><p>b. One (1) mat; </p><p>c. One (1) pillow with pillow case; </p><p>d. One (1) mosquito net; </p><p>e. One (1) set, mess kit; and </p><p>f. One (1) pair of slippers. </p><p>The inmate shall be held responsible and accountable for the items issued to him.</p><p><br /></p><p>Personal effects of an inmate.- In addition to the articles supplied by the prison, the inmate may bring clothes and other items essential to his well-being, provided the quantity, nature, and dimension thereof will not interfere with the safety and living conditions of the other inmates. The Superintendent may allow the inmate to bring in electrical equipment like television sets, radio cassettes, video players, electric fans and similar items provided the same is for common use with other inmates. </p><p>In no case shall an inmate be allowed to bring in luxurious items such as air conditioners, carpets, sofas, beds, sleeping, mattresses, washing machines, and the like.</p><p><br /></p><p>Colonist </p><p>1. Be at least a first-class inmate and has served one (1) year immediately preceding the completion of the period specified in the following qualifications; </p><p>2. Has served imprisonment with good conduct for a period equivalent to one-fifth (1/5) of the maximum term of his prison sentence, or seven (7) years in the case of a life sentence. </p><p><br /></p><p>Privileges of a colonist</p><p>1. Credit of an additional GCTA of five (5) days for each calendar month while he retains said classification aside from the regular GCTA authorized under Article 97 of the Revised Penal Code; </p><p>2. Automatic reduction of the life sentence imposed on the colonist to a sentence imposed on the colonist to a sentence of thirty (30) years; </p><p>3. Subject to the approval of the Director, to have his wife and children, or the woman he desires to marry, live with him in the prison and penal farm. Transportation expenses of the family going to and the discharge of the colonist from the prison and the farm shall be for the account of the government. The family may avail of all prison facilities such as hospitals, church and school free of charge. All the members of the family of a colonist shall be subject to the rules governing the prison and penal farm; </p><p>4. As special reward to deserving colonist, the issuance of a reasonable amount of clothing and ordinarily household supplies from the government commissary to free subsistence; and </p><p>5. To wear civilian clothes on such special occasions as may be designated by the Superintendent. Inmates who are spouses- Husband and wife inmates may be allowed to serve their sentence together in a prison and penal farm as soon as both are classified as colonists.</p><p><br /></p><p>INMATES DAILY ACTIVITIES From 5:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. </p><p>5:00 a.m. Waking up/grooming </p><p>6:00 a.m. Counting </p><p>6:30 a.m. Exercise/Workout </p><p>7:00 a.m. Breakfast </p><p>8:00 a.m. Flag Ceremony (every Monday) </p><p>8:30 a.m. Leave for Work </p><p>10:00 a.m. Respite from Work </p><p>10:30 a.m. Lunch Time </p><p>11:30 a.m. Counting </p><p>12:00 noon to 1:00 p.m. Silence Hour/Siesta Time </p><p>1:05 p.m. Waking-up </p><p>1:30 p.m. Return to work </p><p>3:30 p.m. Respite from Work </p><p>4:00 p.m. Counting </p><p>4:30 p.m. Dinner </p><p>5:00 p.m. Leisure Time </p><p>5:30 p.m. TV Viewing </p><p>7:00 p.m. Counting Time </p><p>9:00 p.m. Silence/Sleeping Time </p><p><br /></p><p>When conducting routine custodial (in cell or compound) guarding, the ratio of 1:7 or one (1) guard for every seven (7) inmates shall be observed. </p><p>When an inmate is in transit, the ratio of 1:1 +1 for every inmate shall be observed. In case of a high-risk inmate that demands extra precaution, additional guards shall be employed.</p><p><br /></p><p><b><u><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2014/09/non-institutional-corrections.html">Non-Institutional Corrections: Next Page</a></u></b></p>Bigwashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12735618787771477107noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69990257539071669.post-68563698362379324922024-03-12T00:43:00.000-07:002024-03-13T01:03:33.832-07:00Institutional Corrections Reviewer 2<p> CORRECTION - it is a branch of the Criminal Justice System concerned with the custody, supervision, and rehabilitation of criminal offenders. It is that field of criminal justice administration which utilizes the body of knowledge and practices of the government and society in general involving the process of handling individuals who have been convicted of offenses for purposes of crime management and administration as well as the rehabilitation and reformation of criminals. </p><p><br /></p><p>It is a generic term that includes all the government agencies, facilities, programs, procedures, personnel, and techniques concerned with the investigation, intake, custody, confinement, supervision, or treatment of alleged offenders. </p><p><br /></p><p>Correction as a Process: Refers to the reorientation of the criminal offender to prevent him or her from repeating his deviant or delinquent actions without the necessity of taking punitive actions but rather the introduction of individual measures of reformation. </p><p><br /></p><p>CORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION - it refers to the study and practice of a systematic management of jails or prisons and other institutions concerned with the custody, treatment and rehabilitation of criminal offenders. </p><p><br /></p><p>PENOLOGY - the study of punishment for a crime or criminal offenders. It includes the study of control and prevention of crime through punishment of criminal offenders. The term is derived from the Latin word “POENA” which means pain or suffering. Penology is otherwise known as Penal science. It is actually a division of criminology that deals with prison management and the treatment of offenders and concerned itself with the philosophy and practice of the society in its effort to repress criminal activities.</p><p><br /></p><p>Principal Aims of Penology: </p><p>1. To bring light in the ethical barriers of punishment, along with the motives and purposes of society inflicting it. </p><p>2. To make comparative study of penal laws and procedures through history between nations. </p><p>3. To evaluate the social consequences of the policies enforced at a given time</p><p><br /></p><p>PENAL MANAGEMENT - refers to the manner or practice of managing or controlling phases of confinement as in jails or prison.</p><p><br /></p><p>HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON CORRECTION </p><p><br /></p><p>PRIMARY SCHOOLS OF PENOLOGY </p><p>1. Classical School – the doctrine of psychological hedonism or freewill. </p><p>2. Neo-Classical School – children and lunatics must be free from punishment. </p><p>3. Positivist/Italian School – denied individual responsibility and reflected on positive reactions to crime and criminality.</p><p><br /></p><p>PUNISHMENT AND THE CRIMINAL </p><p><br /></p><p>PUNISHMENT is the redress that the state takes against an offending member of society that usually involves pain and suffering. It is also the penalty imposed on an offender for a crime or wrongdoing.</p><p><br /></p><p>ANCIENT FORMS OF PUNISHMENT </p><p>1. DEATH PENALTY – affected by burning, stoning, crucifixion, electrocution, gas chamber, beheading, and hanging, breaking at the wheels, pillory and other forms of medieval executions. </p><p>2. PHYSICAL TORTURE – affected by maiming, mutilation, whipping and other inhumane or barbaric forms of inflicting pain. </p><p>3. SOCIAL DEGRADATION – putting the offender into shame or humiliation. </p><p>4. BANISHMENT OR EXILE – the sending or putting away of an offender which was carried out either by prohibition against coming into a specified territory such as an island to where the offender has been removed. </p><p>5. Other similar forms of punishment like transportation and slavery.</p><p><br /></p><p>METHOD USED IN PUNISHMENT </p><p>1. Gag - to put something (such as a piece of cloth) into or over a person's mouth in order to prevent that person from speaking, calling for help, etc.</p><p>- used to shame and constrain “scold” who openly, habitually and abusively found fault, unjust, criticized, or lied about others. </p><p>2. Bridle - it is an iron cage that fit over the head and had a front plate that was sharpened or covered with spikes designed to fit into the mouth of the offender making movement of the tongue very painful.</p><p>3. Ducking Stool – it has been used as a punishment as early as the 11th century. Those sentenced to be “ducked” were placed on a chair and suspended over a body of water and plunged into it. </p><p>4. Stocks - used as outside jails to punish the idle prior to the construction of houses of correction in England. </p><p>5. Pillories - dates back to the pre-Christian era. In England, they were commonly employed during the Tudor period, but their peak use was during the 17th century. </p><p>6. Branding - for offenders to be identified and stigmatized. It was employed for making offenders, slaves and prisoners of war recognizable. </p><p>7. Whipping/Flogging/Scourging - it is one of the oldest, most widely means of corporal punishment, dating back to ancient Egyptian times. </p><p>8. Russian Knot - the most formidable punisher ever devised This instrument was a wooden-handled whip that typically consisted of several rawhide thongs twisted together, terminating in a single strand that projected about 18 inches beyond the body of the knot. The strands sometimes had hooks or rings attached to the ends.</p><p><br /></p><p>METHODS OF INFLICTING THE DEATH PENALTY </p><p>1. BEHEADING - is a method of capital punishment whereby a criminal’s head is sliced apart from the body, utilizing an axe or sword. </p><p>2. BLOOD ATONEMENT - A Religious belief utilized in capital punishment in which a convict’s blood must be shed during execution to “atone” before Christ for his sins. 3. BOILING TO DEATH - A Little-used method of capital punishment, utilized mainly to stun the victims before they were hanged on the gallows. The first use of this technique may have come soon after 1531, when it was made legal by King Henry VIII of England. </p><p>4. BREAKING ON THE WHEEL – A method of capital punishment marked by torzurous and agony-filled suffering on a wooden wheel while the condemned is stretched and has his or her limbs broken (by the executioner) with a metal rod or pole. </p><p>5. BURNING AT THE STAKE - A method of capital punishment in which the condemned is tied to a wooden stake, surrounded by flammable material (usually faggots or sticks of wood) assembled into a pyre, which is then lit a fire and allowed to burn until the victim is consumed. </p><p>6. CRUCIFIXION - Utilized in biblical times as a mode of torture and capital punishment, the act of crucifixion (“to crucify”) started mainly with the Roman system of justice. Rome used it from the beginning of the republic until the fourth century, though Roman citizens were exempt from the punishment by law. </p><p>7. DRAWING AND QUARTERING - A method of punishment, perhaps one of the most brutal, in which a prisoner was hanged until near death, torn down from the gallows, had his four limbs tied to two or four hours, and was then pulled apart as the horses ran off in different directions. Another part of the ritual was disembowelment. After he was hanged, while still alive, the culprit was dragged from the gallows, laid down on the ground, and his entrails were ripped from his body. Sometimes his genitals were also chopped off. Still alive after all this, the culprit was shown his entrails, before they were thrown on a fire and burned. </p><p>8. ELECTRIC CHAIR - A method of execution adopted in the United States in the last decade of the nineteenth century and used strictly in that nation. </p><p>9. GARROTE - A method of execution utilized almost exclusively in Austria as well as Spain before the latter nation abolished capital punishment in 1996. Many of the victims of the Spanish Inquisition suffered either the garrote or burning at the stake.</p><p>10. GAS CHAMBER - it is currently being phased out as “cruel and inhuman punishment.” After World War I, many people, disgusted with the brutality of electrocutions and hanging, sought a better, more efficient method of executing prisoners .</p><p>11. GIBBET - A method of displaying a condemned murderer’s body after execution, utilizing a steel cage usually hung near the place of execution. Halifax Gibbet. A method of execution, called the English guillotine; it operated on the same principle as the French model, with a larger base and pin instead of pulley to release the large blade. </p><p>12. HANGING - A method of execution in which the condemned is hanged by the neck with a rope or other cord from a gallows or, in the case of lynching, from a tree of lamppost. Hanging has always been considered a lowly form of punishment, a death reserved for cowards. </p><p>13. LETHAL INJECTION - After a prisoner is strapped down in a gurney, he is wheeled into the death chamber, in some cases the compartment where the electric chair or the gas chamber used to be situated. After the execution order is read, an intravenous needle is inserted into a vein, preferably in the arm, but if necessary- as often is the case with former drug users-in other veins. The tube connected to the needle is hooked up to a small machine containing three vials of solution. These chemicals are sodium pentothal (the trade name for thiopental), a barbiturate that renders the condemned unconscious; pancuronium bromide (brand name:Pavulon), which induces neuro-muscular paralysis; and potassium chloride (chemical name: KCI), which, in the prescribed dose, that stops the heart muscle. To ease the injection of the chemicals, a solution of sodium chloride, ordinary saline solution, is introduced. </p><p>14. MAZZATELLO - a method of capital punishment, utilized to a small degree in Italy during the era of the Papal States, which lasted from 756 to 1870 C.E. Crime historian Jay Robert Nash reports that the name of the process comes from the Italian word for the mallet, or poleax, used in the punishment. </p><p>15. STONING TO DEATH - a method of capital punishment, where a victim was chosen trapped in a corner, and pelted with heavy rocks and stones until his or her skull was crushed. This punishment was specified in the Mosaic Code, the laws of the Jews promulgated in the name of Moses.</p><p><br /></p><p>EARLY FORMS OF PRISON DISCIPLINE </p><p>1. Hard Labor – productive works </p><p>2. Deprivation – deprivation of everything except the essentials of existence. </p><p>3. Monotony – giving the same food that is “off” diet, or requiring the prisoners to perform drab or boring daily routine. </p><p>4. Uniformity – “we treat the prisoner alike”, “the fault of one is the fault off all”. </p><p>5. Mass Movement – mass giving in cellblocks, mass eating, mass recreation, mass bathing. </p><p>6. Degradation – uttering insulting words or prisoners to degrade or break the confidence of prisoners. </p><p>7. Corporal Punishment – imposing brutal punishment or employing physical force to intimidate a delinquent inmate. </p><p>8. Isolation or Solitary Confinement – non-communication, limited news, “the lone wolf”</p><p><br /></p><p>CONTEMPORARY FORMS OF PUNISHMENT </p><p>1. IMPRISONMENT - putting the offender in prison for the purpose of protecting the public against criminal activities and at the same time rehabilitating the prisoners by requiring them to undergo institutional treatment programs. </p><p>2. PAROLE - a conditional release of a prisoner after serving part of his/her sentence in prison for the purpose of gradually re-introducing him/her to free life under the guidance and supervision of a parole officer. </p><p>3. PROBATION -a disposition whereby a defendant after conviction of an offence, the penalty of which does not exceed six years imprisonment, is released subject to the conditions imposed by the releasing court and under the supervision of a probation officer. </p><p>4. FINE - an amount given as a compensation for a criminal act. </p><p>5. DESTIERRO - the penalty of banishing a person from the place where he committed a crime, prohibiting him to get near or enter the 25-kilometer perimeter.</p><p><br /></p><p>JUSTIFICATION OF PUNISHMENT </p><p>1. RETRIBUTION – the punishment should be provided by the state whose sanction is violated, to afford the society of the individual the opportunity of imposing upon the offender suitable punishment as might be enforced. Offenders should be punished because they deserved it. - (Just Deserts) defined as “deserved punishment for evil done,” is a relatively primitive reaction. It is not difficult to understand why this justification for the use of punishment (just deserts) has received a high level of public support throughout history.</p><p><br /></p><p>Some of the religious and philosophical justification used to support retribution follows: </p><p>1. It fulfills a religious mission through retaliation. There are biblical sanctions for the punishment of transgressors, so society is doing God’s work by carrying out His punishment. </p><p>2. It removes the tension in society caused by the criminal act, creating harmony through retaliation. </p><p>3. It washes the guilt of the criminal away through suffering and express society’s disapproval of the behavior. </p><p>4. It makes victims whole again by making the offender suffer as they did. </p><p><br /></p><p>Distinctions between Just Deserts and Retribution </p><p>Just Deserts can be viewed as the modern reformulation of the retributive views. Its primary emphasis is on what offenders fairly merit for their crimes. Its central organizing principle is proportionality–the severity of the penalty should be proportional to the gravity of the offense.</p><p><br /></p><p>2. EXPIATION OR ATONEMENT - it is punishment in the form of group vengeance where the purpose is to appease the offended public or group. </p><p>3. DETERRENCE – punishment gives lesson to the offender by showing to others what would happen to them if they violate the law. Punishment is imposed to warn potential offenders that they can not afford to do what the offender has done. </p><p><br /></p><p>Types of Deterrence </p><p>a. Specific Deterrence - occurs when offenders do not recidivate because they do not want to face further sanctions. </p><p>b. General Deterrence - occurs when other potential offenders do not engage in criminal activity because they want to avoid penalties that others have received.</p><p><br /></p><p>4. INCAPACITATION AND PROTECTION – the public will be protected if the offender has being held in conditions where he cannot harm others especially the public. Punishment is effected by placing offenders in prison so that society will be ensured from further criminal depredations of criminals. </p><p><br /></p><p>Incapacitation strategies have taken the three approaches; </p><p>a. Collective incapacitation – all individuals convicted of a certain offense (e.g., robbery) receive the same sentence (e.g., 5 years). </p><p>b. Selective incapacitation – base sentences on predictions that certain offenders will commit serious offenses at higher rates than others convicted of the same types of crimes. These predictions are based primarily on the offender’s prior record, age, and juvenile and adult drug use. </p><p>c. Criminal career incapacitation – involves the identification of classes of criminals who typically have active high rates of crime.</p><p><br /></p><p>5. REFORMATION OR REHABILITATION – it is the establishment of the usefulness and responsibility of the offender. Society’s interest can be better served by helping the prisoner to law abiding citizen and productive upon his return to the community by requiring him to undergo intensive programs of rehabilitation in prison. </p><p><br /></p><p>What is PENALTY? </p><p>PENALTY is defined as the suffering inflicted by the state against an offending member for the transgression of law.</p><p><br /></p><p>JURIDICAL CONDITIONS OF PENALTY </p><p>Punishment must be: </p><p>1. Productive of suffering – without however affecting the integrity of the human personality. </p><p>2. Commensurate with the offense – different crimes must be punished with different penalties (Art. 25, RPC). </p><p>3. Personal – the guilty one must be the one to be punished, no proxy. </p><p>4. Legal – the consequence must be in accordance with the law. </p><p>5. Equal – equal for all persons. </p><p>6. Certain – no one must escape its effects. </p><p>7. Correctional – changes the attitude of offenders and become law-abiding citizens. </p><p><br /></p><p>PENALTIES AS TO GRAVITY </p><p>1. Death Penalty – Capital punishment </p><p>2. Reclusion Perpetua – life imprisonment, a term of 20-40 yrs imprisonment </p><p>3. Reclusion Temporal – 12 yrs and 1 day to 20 years imprisonment </p><p>4. Prison Mayor – 6yrs and 1 day to 12 years </p><p>5. Prison Correctional – 6 months and 1 day to 6 years</p><p>6. Arresto Mayor – 1 month and 1 day to 6 months </p><p>7. Arresto Menor – 1 day to 30 days </p><p>8. Bond to Keep the Peace – discretionary on the part of the court. </p><p><br /></p><p>THE EARLY CODES </p><p>History has shown that there are three main legal system in the world, which have been extended to and adopted by all countries aside from those that produced them. In their chronological order, they are the Roman, the Mohammedans or Arabic and the Anglo-American Laws. Among the three, it was Roman law that has the most lasting and most pervading influence. </p><p><br /></p><p>The Roman private law (which include Criminal Law), especially has offered the most adequate basic concepts which sharply define, in concise and inconsistent terminology, mature rules and a complete system, logical and firm, tempered with a high sense of equity.</p><p><br /></p><p>BABYLONIAN AND SUMERIAN CODES </p><p>1. Code of King Hammurabi (Hammurabic Code) (also known as the Codex Hammurabi and Hammurabi's Code), </p><p>- credited as the oldest code prescribing savage punishment, but in fact, Sumerian codes were nearly one hundred years older. </p><p>- created ca. 1780 B.C.E., is one of the earliest sets of laws found and one of the best preserved examples of this type of document from ancient Mesopotamia. </p><p>- The code is a collection of the legal decisions made by Hammurabi during his reign as king of Babylon, inscribed on a stele, a large stone monument, and placed in a public place so that all could see it </p><p>- is best known for the promulgation of a new code of Babylonian law: the Code of Hammurabi. </p><p>- This Law was written before the Mosaic Code and was one of the first written laws in the world. The code of Hammurabi contained 282 laws, written by scribes on 12 tablets.</p><p><br /></p><p>ROMAN AND GREEK CODES </p><p>2. Justinian code is a compilation of imperial constitutions made by a commission consisting of ten persons. The commission was appointed by Justinian and Tribonian was the head of the commission. The code was published in A.D. 529. The commission carried out the project in February A.D. 528 through April 529. Justinian Code replaced all prior imperial law, but was in force only until A.D. 534. The code was replaced by the Codex Repetitae Praelectionis. In modern writings, the A.D. 534 version is the work referred to as the Justinian Code. The Justinian code is also called as Code of Justinian, Codex Justinianus, Codex Vetus (“Old Code”), and Codex Iustinianus Repetitae Praelectionis. </p><p><br /></p><p>3. The Twelve Tables (XII Tabulae), (451-450 BC) – represented the earliest codification of Roman law incorporated into the Justinian Code. It is the foundation of all public and private law of the Romans until the time of Justinian. It is also a collection of legal principles engraved on metal tablets and set up on the forum. </p><p><br /></p><p>4. Greek Code of Draco – In Greece, the Code of Draco, a harsh code that provides the same punishment for both citizens and the slaves as it incorporates primitive concepts (Vengeance, Blood Feuds). The Greeks were the first society to allow any citizen to prosecute the offender in the name of the injured party. </p><p><br /></p><p>5. The Burgundian Code (500 A.D) The code which specified punishment according to the social class of the offenders, dividing them into: nobles, middle class and lower class and specifying the value of the life of each person according to social status. </p><p><br /></p><p>SIGNIFICANT DATES IN CORRECTION </p><p>1. THE SECULAR LAWS 4th A.D – Secular Laws were advocated by Christian Philosophers who recognizes the need for justice. Some of the proponents these laws were St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas. During this period, three laws were distinguished: External Law (Lex External), Natural Law (Lex Naturalis), and Human Law (Lex Humana). All these laws are intended for the common good, but the Human law only becomes valid if it does not conflict with the other two laws. </p><p>2. 5TH & 11TH CENTURY - Century of Darkness - corporal punishment are the mode of punishment </p><p>3. 13th Century – Securing Sanctuary In the 13th C, a criminal could avoid punishment by claiming refugee in a church for a period of 40 days at the end of which time he has compelled to leave the realm by a road or path assigned to him. In England at about 1468, torture as a form of punishment become prevalent. </p><p>4. 16TH CENTURY Transportation of criminals in England was authorized during the 16th century. At the end of the century, Russia and other European Countries followed this system. It partially relieved overcrowding of prisons. Transportation was abandoned in 1835.</p><p>5. 17TH C TO LATE 18TH CENTURY </p><p>Death Penalty became prevalent as a form of punishment. </p><p><br /></p><p>GAOLS (Jails) were common. These are pre-trial detention facilities operated by the English Sheriff. </p><p><br /></p><p>GALLEYS were also used. These are long, low, narrow, single-decked ships propelled by sails, usually rowed by criminals, a type of ship used for transportation of criminals in the 16th century. </p><p><br /></p><p>HULKS - decrepit transport, former warship used to house prisoners in the 18th and 19th century. These were abandoned warships converted into prisons as means of relieving congestion of prisoners. They were also called “floating hells”. </p><p><br /></p><p>6. THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT - The 18th Century is a century of change. It is the period of recognizing human dignity. It is the movement of reformation, the period of introduction of certain reforms in the correctional field by certain persons, gradually changing the old positive philosophy of punishment to a more humane treatment of prisoners with innovation programs.</p><p><br /></p><p>THE EARLY PRISONS </p><p>1. MAMERTINE PRISON </p><p>- the only early Roman place of confinement, which is built under the main sewer of Rome in 64 B.C </p><p>- The Prison was constructed around 640-616 BC, by Ancus Marcius. </p><p>2. BRIDEWELL WORKHOUSE (1553-1700) </p><p>- The most popular workhouse in London which was built for the employment and housing of English prisoners. </p><p>- London’s Bridewell Prison was the location of many “firsts” in penology. For the first time in world history, imprisonment at hard labor was substituted for corporal or capital punishment, which is the very definition of a penitentiary. </p><p>- Bridewell, n. A house of correction for the confinement of disorderly persons; so called from a hospital built in 1553 near St. Bride s (or Bridget s) well, in London, which was subsequently a penal workhouse. </p><p>3. WALNUT STREET JAIL </p><p>- was originally constructed as a detention jail in Philadelphia was converted into a state prison and became the first American Penitentiary. </p><p>- the first prison built in the United States to use individual cells and work details. </p><p>- It was located on Walnut Street, where it acquired the name Walnut Street Jail. </p><p>- It was designed by Robert Smith. He was one of the most prominent architects in Philadelphia. </p><p>- The prison was overcrowded and dirty, and inmates attacked each other regularly.</p><p>4. THE NEW GATE PRISON </p><p>- Although known as the new gate prison, it was not a real prison but an abandoned cooper mine located at Simsbury Connecticut, the inmates were confined underground, and were considered A BLACK HOLE OF HORRORS, which really belong to barbaric past. </p><p>- The first juvenile reformatory was the New York house of refuge, which was opened in January 1825. </p><p>- The first U.S. prison exclusively for women is known as the MOUNT PLEASANT FEMALE PRISON, was established in 1837 in Ossining, New York. </p><p>5. BOOT CAMPS/ SHOCK INCARCERATION </p><p>- a short term correctional programs resembling some aspects of military basic training. Serves as an alternative to long term traditional incarceration. Its targets younger offenders who resist authority and refuse to listen or learn in traditional classroom or treatment environments. The usual length of incarceration in boot camps ranges three to six months. </p><p>- The GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS officially established the first boot camp in 1983.</p><p><br /></p><p>THE PIONEERS OF CORRECTIONAL REFORM </p><p>1. WILLIAM PENN (1614-1718) - William Penn fought for religious freedom and individual rights. He is the first leader to prescribe imprisonment as correctional treatment or major offenders. He is responsible for the abolition of death penalty and torture as a form of punishment. </p><p>2. ISAAC NEWTON - He published a book “PRINCIPIA” (1687), he encouraged intellectuals to investigate social phenomena scientifically and methodically. </p><p>3. JOHN LOCKE - he wrote an essay concerning human understanding. </p><p>4. CHARLES MONTESIQUIEU (Charles Louis Secondat, Baron de la Brede et de Montesiquieu) (1689-1755) - Charles Montesiquieu was a French historian and philosopher who analyzed law as an expression of justice. </p><p>- He believes that harsh punishment would undermine morality and that appealing to morals sentiments as a better means of preventing crime. </p><p>5. VOLTAIRE (Francois Marie Arouet) (1694-1778) </p><p>- He was the most versatile of all philosophers during this period. He believes that fear of shame was a deterrent to crime.</p><p>- He fought the legality-sanctioned practice of torture. </p><p>6. CESARE BONESA, MARCHESE DE BECCARIA (1738-1794) - He wrote an essay entitled “An Essay on Crimes and Punishment”, the most exciting essay on law during this century. It presented the humanistic goal of law. </p><p>7. JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-1832) - He was one of the greatest of leaders in the reform of English criminal law. He believe that whatever punishment designed to negate what ever pleasure of gain the criminal derives from crime; the crime would go down. Bentham was the one who devise the ultimate PANOPTICAN PRISON – a prison that consist of the large circular building containing multi cells around the periphery. It was never built. </p><p>8. JOHN HOWARD (1726-1790) - He was sheriff of Bedsfordshire in 1773, who devote his life and fortune prison reform. After his finding on English Prisons, he recommended the following: single cells for sleeping, segregation of women, segregation of youth, provision of sanitation facilities, and abolition of fee system by which jailers obtained money from prisoners. </p><p>9. ALEXANDER MACANOCHIE - He is the Superintendent of the penal colony at Norfolk Island in Australia (1840) </p><p>- Introduced the “Mark System”. A system in which a prisoner is required to earn a number of marks based on proper department, labor and study in order to entitle him for a ticket for leave or conditional release which is similar to parole.</p><p>10. MANUEL MONTESIMOS - the Director of prisons in Valencia Spain (1835) who divided the number of prisoners into companies and appointed certain prisoners as petty officers in charge, which allowed good behaviour to prepare the convict for gradual release. </p><p>11. DOMETS OF FRANCE - established an agricultural colony for delinquent boys in 1839 providing housefathers as in charge of these boys. </p><p>12. SIR EVELYN RUGGLES BRISE - The Director of the English prison who opened the Borstal Institution for young offenders. </p><p>- The Borstal Institution is considered as the best reform institute for young offenders today. </p><p>13. WALTER CROFTON - He is the Director of the Irish Prison in 1854 who introduced the irish system that was modified from the Mocanochie’s mark system. </p><p>14. ZEBULON BROCKWAY - The Director of the Elmira Reformatory in New York (1876) who introduced certain innovational programs like the following: training school type, compulsory education of prisoners, casework methods, extensive use of parole, indeterminate sentence. The Elmira Reformatory is considered forerunner of modern penology because it had the all elements of a modern system.</p><p>15. JAMES V. BENNETT - he is the Director of Federal Bureau of Prisons who wrote about the closing of the Alcatraz Prison. </p><p>16. JEAN JACQUES VILLAIN - he pioneered the classification to separate women and children from hardened criminals.</p><p><br /></p><p>OTHER PERSONALITIES </p><p>1. LOUIS DWIGHT (1793-1854) - Organized the prison discipline Society of Boston. He was the most vocal advocate of the Auburn system, and a director of the prison discipline society of Boston from 1825-1854, was the best source of information about the era of American prisoners. </p><p>2. SANFORD BATES (1884-1972) </p><p>- A legendary figure in American corrections. He became the first superintendent of the Federal prisons in 1929. The first director of the U.S. Bureau of Prisons in 1930. </p><p>- He is widely considered the FATHER OF MODERN PENOLOGY </p><p>3. ROBERT STROUD (1890-1963) - The birdman of Alcatraz. </p><p>- Most famous inmate in the Federal prison at Alcatraz </p><p>- Killed guard in front of 1100 inmates </p><p>- He served fifty four years in prison, forty of them in Solitary confinement. </p><p>4. MARY BELLE HARRIS - She was the first superintendent for the new women’s federal prison at Alderson, west Virginia.</p><p><br /></p><p>TERMS TO PONDER </p><p>1. QUAKERS - Are religious group which has a strong pacifist and nonviolent ideology as a part of their faith. The best known quaker in America were William Penn and Richard M. Nixon.</p><p>2. JAILHOUSE LAWYER - Inmates claiming to have some legal knowledge who counsel and assist other inmates in preparation of legal document. </p><p><br /></p><p>THE TWO RIVAL PRISON SYSTEM IN THE HISTORY OF CORRECTION </p><p>1. THE AUBURN PRISON SYSTEM - The prison system called the “Congregate System”. </p><p>Congregate System - Provided for prisoner confinement in separate cells but brought the inmates together into congregate workshops </p><p>- The prisoners are confined in their own cells during the night and congregate work in shops during the day. </p><p>- Complete silence was enforced. </p><p>2. THE PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SYSTEM - The prison system called “Solitary System”. </p><p>- Prisoners are confined in single cells day and night where they lived, they slept, and they ate and receive religious instructors. </p><p>- Complete Silence was also enforced. </p><p>- They are required to read the Bible. </p><p> Emphasized religion and penitence; sometimes referred to as the separate system. </p><p> Considered as the forerunner of modern penology located in Elmira, New York, 1976. It features a training school type of institutional program, social case work and extensive use of parole. </p><p> It had all the elements of modern correctional system among which were a training school type, education and extensive use of parole based on the indeterminate sentence. </p><p> Elmira Incorporated individualized treatment using a mark system, education, indeterminate sentence and vocational training. The reformatory was seen as not only a new model to rehabilitate young adults but also as a means to segregate them from hardened criminals and simultaneously lessen the problems of overcrowding. </p><p> This institution was considered innovative in its use of “good time” credits to increase inmate compliance and productivity, thereby decreasing the length of time served in prison.</p><p><br /></p><p>HISTORICAL SETTING OF CORRECTION IN THE PHILIPPINES </p><p>The Philippines is one of the many countries that came under the influence of the Roman law. History has shown that the Roman Empire reached its greatest extent to most of continental Europe such as Spain, Portugal, French and all of Central Europe. </p><p><br /></p><p>Eventually, the Spanish Civil Code became effective in the Philippines on December 7, 1889, the “Conquistadores”. The “Kodigo Penal”(now Revised Penal Code) was also introduced promulgated by the King of Spain. Basically, these laws adopted the Roman law principles (Coquia, 1996). </p><p><br /></p><p>Mostly tribal traditions, customs and practices influence laws during the Pre-Spanish Philippines. There were also laws that were written which includes the Code of Kalantiao (promulgated in 1433) – the most extensive and severe law that prescribes harsh punishment, and the Maragtas Code (Datu Sumakwel)</p><p><br /></p><p>What is a Prison? </p><p>- It is penitentiary, an institution for the imprisonment (incarceration) of persons convicted of major/serious crimes. </p><p>- A building, usually with cells, or other places established for the purpose of taking safe custody or confinement of criminals. </p><p>- A place of confinement for those charged with or convicted of offences against the laws of the land. </p><p><br /></p><p>Who is a PRISONER? </p><p>- is a person who is under the custody of lawful authority. A prisoner is also a person, who by reason of his criminal sentence or by a decision issue by a court, may be deprived of his liberty of freedom. </p><p>- is any person detained/confined in jail or prison for the commission of a criminal offence or convicted and serving in a penal institution. </p><p><br /></p><p>GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF PRISONERS </p><p>1. DETENTION PRISONERS </p><p>- Those detained for investigation, preliminary hearing, or awaiting trial. </p><p>- They are detainee in lock up jail or prisoners under the jurisdiction of the Courts. </p><p>2. SENTENCED PRISONERS </p><p>- offenders who are committed to the jail or prison in order to serve their sentence after final conviction by a competent court. </p><p>- They are prisoners under the jurisdiction of penal institutions. </p><p>3. PRISONERS WHO ARE IN SAFEKEEPING </p><p>- includes non-criminal offenders who are detained in order to protect the community against the harmful behavior. </p><p><br /></p><p>CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCE PRISONERS: </p><p>1. INSULAR OR NATIONAL PRISONERS </p><p>- those sentences to suffer a term of sentence of 3 years and 1 day to life imprisonment/death. </p><p>- Those sentence to suffer a term of imprisonment cited above but appealed the judgement and unable to file a bond for their temporary liberty. </p><p>2. PROVINCIAL PRISONERS </p><p>- those people sentenced to suffer a term of imprisonment from 6 months and 1 day to 3 years or fined not more than 1,000 pesos, or both; or those detained therein waiting preliminary investigation of their cases cognizable by the RTC. </p><p>3. CITY PRISONERS </p><p>- those sentenced to suffer a term of imprisonment form 1 day to 3 years of a fine of not more than 1,000 pesos or both. </p><p>- Those detained therein whose cases are filed with the MTC. </p><p>- Those detained therein who cases are cognizable by the RTC and under preliminary investigation. </p><p>4. MUNICIPAL PRISONERS </p><p>- those confined in Municipal jails to serve an imprisonment from 1 day to 6 months. </p><p>- Those detained therein who trials there cases are pending with the MTC.</p><p><br /></p><p>CLASSIFICATION OF DETAINEES </p><p>A. UNDERGOING INVESTIGATION </p><p>B. AWAITING OR UNDERGOING TRIAL </p><p>C. AWAITING FINAL JUDGEMENT </p><p><br /></p><p>INMATES SECURITY CLASSIFICATION </p><p>A. High Risk Inmate </p><p>B. High Profile Inmate </p><p>C. Ordinary Inmate</p><p><br /></p><p>CLASSIFICATION OF PRISONERS ACCORDING TO DEGREE OF SECURITY: </p><p>1. SUPER MAXIMUM SECURITY PRISONERS </p><p>- A special group of prisoner composed of incorrigible, intractable, and highly dangerous persons who are the source of constant disturbance even in a maximum – security prison. </p><p>- They were orange color of uniform. </p><p>2. MAXIMUM SECURITY PRISONERS </p><p>- It is a group of prisoners whose escape could be dangerous to the public or the security of the state. </p><p>- It consist of constant trouble makers but not as dangerous as the super maximum-security prisoners. </p><p>- Their movements are restricted and they are not allowed to work outside the institution but rather assigned to industrial shops with in the prison compound. </p><p>- They are confined at the Maximum Security Prison (NBP Main Building), they wear orange color of uniform. Prisoners includes those sentenced to serve sentence 20 years or more, or those whose sentenced are under review of the supreme court, and offenders who are criminally insane having severe personality or emotional disorders that make them dangerous to fellow offenders or staff members.</p><p>3. MEDIUM SECURITY PRISONERS </p><p>- Those who cannot be trusted in open conditions and pose lesser danger than maximum-security prisoners in case they escape. </p><p>- It consists of groups of prisoners who maybe allowed working outside the fence or walls of the penal institution under guards or with escorts. </p><p>- They occupy the Medium Security Prison (Camp Sampaguita) and they wear blue color of uniforms. Generally, they are employed as agricultural workers. </p><p>- It includes prisoners whose minimum sentence is less than 20 years and life-sentenced prisoners who served at least 10 years inside a maximum-security prison. </p><p>4. MINIMUM SECURITY PRISONERS </p><p>- It is a group of prisoners who can be reasonably trusted to serve sentence under “open conditions”. </p><p>- This group includes prisoners who can be trusted to report to their work assignments without the presence of guards. </p><p>- They occupy the Minimum Security Prison (Camp Bukang Liwayway) and wear brown color uniforms.</p><p><br /></p><p>What is a JAIL? </p><p>It is a place for locking up of persons who are convicted of minor offenses or felonies who are to serve short sentences imposed upon them by a competent court, or for the confinement of persons who are awaiting trial or investigation of their cases.</p><p><br /></p><p>TYPES OF JAILS </p><p>1. LOCK-UP JAILS </p><p>- is a security facility, common to police stations, used for temporary confinement of an individual held for investigation </p><p>2. ORDINARY JAILS </p><p>- is the type of jail commonly used to detain a convicted criminal offender to serve a sentence less than three years. </p><p>3. WORKHOUSES, JAIL FARMS OR CAMP </p><p>- a facility that houses minimum custody offenders who are serving short sentences or who are undergoing constructive work programs. </p><p>- It provides full employment of prisoners, remedial services, and constructive leisure time activities.</p><p><br /></p><p><b><u><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2024/03/institutional-corrections-reviewer-3.html">Institutional Corrections Reviewer 3: Next Page</a></u></b></p>Bigwashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12735618787771477107noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69990257539071669.post-79376450264516384872024-03-09T03:08:00.000-08:002024-03-09T03:08:59.880-08:00Correctional Administration Review Questions 2<p> Correctional Administration Review Questions 2</p><p><br /></p><p>1. For a maximum security facility, how high should the walls be constructed?</p><p>a. 8 to 12 feet</p><p>b. 12 to 14 feet</p><p>c. 18 to 20 feet</p><p>d. 18 to 25 feet</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: D</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>2. This type of institution is usually constructed without a fence?</p><p>a. Minimum security institution</p><p>b. Medium security institution</p><p>c. Maximum security institution</p><p>d. Open institution</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: D</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>3. What is the main objective of segregation?</p><p>a. Diversification by age</p><p>b. Diversification by sex</p><p>c. Diversification by the degree of imprisonment</p><p>d. Prevention of physical and moral contamination</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: D</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>4. It is the original intention of imposing prison labor.</p><p>a. Punitive</p><p>b. Afflictive</p><p>c. Reformatory</p><p>d. Business</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: A</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>5. It refers to the formulation of the tentative rehabilitation program of the convict.</p><p>a. Diagnosis</p><p>b. Treatment planning</p><p>c. Execution of treatment program</p><p>d. Re-classification</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: B</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>6. It is mainly responsible for the implementation of a prisoner's treatment program.</p><p>a. RDC</p><p>b. Warden</p><p>c. Classification committee</p><p>d. All of the above</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: C</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>7. It is part of the classification wherein the prisoners are examined and tests are administered to check on the physical and mental condition of the prisoners.</p><p>a. Diagnosis</p><p>b. Treatment planning</p><p>c. Execution of treatment program</p><p>d. Re-classification</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: A</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>8. This forerunner of penology considered and placed emphasis on physical characteristics as the basis for atavism.</p><p>a. Lombroso</p><p>b. Beccaria</p><p>c. Ferri</p><p>d. Garofalo</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: A</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>9. What country popularized the use of prisons as detention facilities?</p><p>a. USA</p><p>b. England</p><p>c. France</p><p>d. Spain</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: A</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>10. Credited for introducing the use of jails.</p><p>a. Europenas</p><p>b. Americans </p><p>c. Asians</p><p>d. Cavemen</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: A</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>11. Its main objective is to prevent unnecessary custodial risk and prevent physical and moral contamination from one group to another.</p><p>a. Diversification</p><p>b. Segregation</p><p>c. Discipline</p><p>d. Classification</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: B</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>12. The ideal number of days for an inmate to be placed in the quarantine unit at the Reception and Diagnostic Center.</p><p>a. 2 days</p><p>b. 3 days</p><p>c. 4 days</p><p>d. 5 days</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: D</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>13. Sometimes referred to as a Case conference or Guidance conference wherein the tentative formulation of a rehabilitation program is conducted with the inmate concerned.</p><p>a. Staff conference</p><p>b. Admission classification meeting</p><p>c. Classification meeting</p><p>d. Staff interview</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: A</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>14. Calls the attention of inmates for certain misconduct or positive traits manifested while serving sentence.</p><p>a. Post sentence report</p><p>b. Behavior report</p><p>c. Misconduct report</p><p>d. Admissions summary</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: B</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>15. A written report detailing a particular inmate and the violations incurred regarding the rule book.</p><p>a. Post sentence report</p><p>b. Behavior report</p><p>c. Misconduct report</p><p>d. Admission summary</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: C</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>16. It is the authority of the President of the Philippines to suspend the execution of a penalty, reduce the sentence, and extinguish criminal liability.</p><p>a. Parole</p><p>b. Executive clemency</p><p>c. Pardon</p><p>d. Amnesty</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: B</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>17. A person who is detained for the violation of law or ordinance and has not been convicted is </p><p>a. Detention prisoner</p><p>b. Provincial prisoner</p><p>c. Municipal prisoner</p><p>d. City prisoner</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: A</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>18. A pardon cannot be extended to one of the following;</p><p>a. Murder</p><p>b. Brigandage</p><p>c. Rape</p><p>d. Impeachment</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: D</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>19. Primitive punishment of the transgressor is carried out through personal vengeance.</p><p>a. Retribution</p><p>b. Expiation</p><p>c. Deterrence</p><p>d. Protection</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: A</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>20. It paved the way for exempting law violators from their criminal liability by reason of insanity.</p><p>a. People vs. Vera</p><p>b. M'Naghten case (1843)</p><p>c. Sursis</p><p>d. Furlough</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: B</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>21. This is prepared by the prison's classification committee for the purpose of indicating what is essential for the best interest of the future parolee and contains an appraisal of the prisoner's personality and need for adjustment upon return to society.</p><p>a. Pre-release progress report</p><p>b. Pre-board summary</p><p>c. Parole referral summary</p><p>d. Post-sentence investigation report</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: C</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>22. It pertains to information regarding significant family, personal, and economic factors in the offender's life.</p><p>a. Social history</p><p>b. Marital status</p><p>c. Antecedent</p><p>d. Character and behavior</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: A</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>23. Empowered by law to exercise supervision over jails by means of standard setting to promote discipline of inmates and secure reformation and safe custody of prisoners of all classes.</p><p>a. BJMP</p><p>b. Bureau of Prisons</p><p>c. Bureau of Corrections</p><p>d. Commission of Human Rights</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: C</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>24. Indeterminate sentence law</p><p>a. Act No. 1533</p><p>b. Act No. 3316</p><p>c. Act No. 3326</p><p>d. Act No. 4103</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: D</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>25. The purpose of this meeting is to evaluate the inmate's readiness for early release.</p><p>a. Pre-release treatment</p><p>b. Pre-parole interview</p><p>c. Classification meeting</p><p>d. Admission meeting</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: B</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>26. When prisoners are used for the repair of buildings, roads, bridges, and flood control, this type of prison labor is...</p><p>a. Lease system</p><p>b. Contract system</p><p>c. Public works system</p><p>d. Public account system</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: C</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>27. Products made by prisoners are sold in the open market.</p><p>a. Lease system</p><p>b. Contract system</p><p>c. Public works system</p><p>d. Public account system</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: D</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>28. Under this system, a contractor supplies raw materials and pays the state for the amount of work or output produced by the prisoner.</p><p>a. Lease system</p><p>b. Contract system</p><p>c. Price-Piece system</p><p>d. Public account system</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: C</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>29. When a contractor merely engages in prison labor and the state retains control of the prisoner, the prison labor is classified as...</p><p>a. Lease system</p><p>b. Contract system</p><p>c. Public works system</p><p>d. Public account system</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: B</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>30. The ministration of the sick is an important function of the </p><p>a. Chaplain</p><p>b. Custodial officer</p><p>c. Medical officer</p><p>d. Psychiatrist</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: A</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>31. It provides the development and acquisition of skills necessary for successful work in a socially accepted occupation while in prison.</p><p>a. Vocational training program</p><p>b. Education program</p><p>c. Work program</p><p>d. Prison labor</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: A</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>32. It provides an environment that will be conducive to the mental and physical development of the inmate.</p><p>a. Vocational training program</p><p>b. Work program</p><p>c. Recreational program</p><p>d. Education program</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: C</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>33. It is an integral part of a prisoner's rehabilitation which serves as an outlet for human expression and a form of release from one's inherent desire to create.</p><p>a. Music</p><p>b. Sports</p><p>c. Arts and Crafts</p><p>d. Drama and literary activities</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: C</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>34. It helps in the improvement of the prisoner in the cultural and practical aspects of social living.</p><p>a. Recreational program</p><p>b. Arts and crafts</p><p>c. Sports activities</p><p>d. Library service</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: D</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>35. Which among the following is not a part of an ideal medical service in a prison facility?</p><p>a. Medicine and surgery</p><p>b. Psychiatry</p><p>c. Dentistry</p><p>d. None of these</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: D</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>36. Refers to a formal group or association organized to promote social or individual welfare.</p><p>a. Community agencies</p><p>b. Social service exchange</p><p>c. Family service agencies</p><p>d. NGO's</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: A</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>37. A security facility, usually operated by the police for temporary detention of persons held under custodial investigation.</p><p>a. Lock-up</p><p>b. Workhouse jail</p><p>c. Ordinary jail</p><p>d. Detention center</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: A</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>38. Antonio, an inmate who is unable to sleep and eat while serving his sentence due to loneliness and despair should undergo...</p><p>a. Rehabilitation</p><p>b. Guidance</p><p>c. Correction</p><p>d. Counseling</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: D</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>39. It is a continuing state of good order.</p><p>a. Discipline</p><p>b. Morale</p><p>c. Communication</p><p>d. Loyalty</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: A</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>40. Refers to the mental condition of individuals or groups regarding courage, hope, zeal, and confidence in the present principles and way of life.</p><p>a. Virtue</p><p>b. Fortitude</p><p>c. Moral</p><p>d. Positive discipline</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: C</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>41. Mainly responsible for the implementation of a prisoner's treatment program. </p><p>a. RDC</p><p>b. Warden</p><p>c. Classification committee</p><p>d. All of the above</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: C </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>42. In this early form of punishment, the criminal was attached to an arch of wood and then sawn vertically from the groin down through the skull.</p><p>A. Sawing</p><p>B. Garotte</p><p>C. Premature Burial</p><p>D. Quartering</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: A</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>43. The condemned would be tied to a stake and then pieces of flesh would be cut from the body over a lengthy period of time. </p><p>A. Sawing</p><p>B. Garotte</p><p>C. Quartering</p><p>D. Slow slicing</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: D</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>44. The condemned was tied to a wheel-like structure, if available, and then the bones would be bashed with an iron bar or hammer against the spokes.</p><p>A. Quartering</p><p>B. Slow Slicing</p><p>C. Breaking Wheel</p><p>D. Sawing</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: C</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>45. This form of execution dates back to at least the Assyrians in 720 BC where the person would literally be skinned alive in a manner as to keep the skin intact for public display. </p><p>A. Quartering</p><p>B. Slow Slicing</p><p>C. Flaying</p><p>D. Sawing</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: C</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>46. A form of execution, among the ancient Persians, in which the victim is fastened into a hollow boat, force-fed and slathered in honey and milk, and exposed to insects until the victim's death.</p><p>A. Quartering</p><p>B. Scaphism</p><p>C. Flaying</p><p>D. Sawing</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: B</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>47. The accused would be slashed horizontally on most occasions, and their intestines removed. </p><p>A. Quartering</p><p>B. Disembowelment</p><p>C. Flaying</p><p>D. Sawing</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: B</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>48. Man is pushed down onto a spike vertically from anus to mouth.</p><p>A. Quartering</p><p>B. Scaphism</p><p>C. Flaying</p><p>D. Impalement</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: D</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>49. The prisoner would be bound and laid in front of the elephant and the beast would be coerced to move and stomp on the person until they were dead.</p><p>A. Quartering</p><p>B. Crushing</p><p>C. Flaying</p><p>D. Sawing</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: B</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>50. Typically, a person was lowered into a cauldron of boiling water where they remained until dead. Occasionally, oils or tar would be used. The practice dates back to at least 12th century Mongolia.</p><p>A. Quartering</p><p>B. Boiling</p><p>C. Flaying</p><p>D. Impalement</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: B</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>51. The criminal is placed into the chair and a metal ring is clasped around their neck. The device is then tightened by turning an arm on the back of the chair, slowly crushing the neck of the condemned.</p><p>A. Sawing</p><p>B. Garotte</p><p>C. Premature Burial</p><p>D. Quartering</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: B</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>52. Basically, a man is buried to his waist and a woman to her neck. They are then subjected to being pelted with large stones until they either die or escape.</p><p>A. Sawing</p><p>B. Garotte</p><p>C. Stoning</p><p>D. Quartering</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: C</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>53. Forms of executive clemency, EXCEPT</p><p>A. commutation </p><p>B. amnesty</p><p>C. reform model</p><p>D. pardon</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: C</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>54. Pardon cannot be exercised in which of the following instances</p><p>A. before conviction </p><p>B. after conviction</p><p>C. before trial</p><p>D. before conviction and before trial</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: D</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>55. Pardon is exercised when the person is ___________________________.</p><p>A. already convicted </p><p>B. about to be convicted</p><p>C. not yet convicted</p><p>D. serve the sentence</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: A</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>56. For a convicted offender, probation is a form of ______________________.</p><p>A. Punishment </p><p>B. Enjoyment </p><p>C. Treatment</p><p>D. Incarceration</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: C</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>57. For amnesty to be granted, there should be ____________________.</p><p>A. Recommendation from U.N. </p><p>B. Application </p><p>C. Recommendation from C.H.R.</p><p>D. Concurrence of the congress</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: D</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>58. The purpose of the decree on probation shall be to</p><p>A. provide an opportunity for the reformation of a penitent offender which might be less probable if he were to serve a prison sentence.</p><p>B. Prevent the commission of offenses</p><p>C. Promote the correction and rehabilitation of an offender by providing him with individualized treatment</p><p>D. All of these </p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: D</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>59. Under Article VII, Section 10 paragraph (B) of the Philippines Constitution, pardoning power is vested with the</p><p>A. Department of Justice </p><p>B. Chief Executive </p><p>C. Judiciary</p><p>D. Legislative</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: B</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>60. It is a temporary stay of execution of sentence.</p><p>A. Reprieve </p><p>B. communication </p><p>C. pardon</p><p>D. amnesty</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: A</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>61. In the Philippines, the Board of Pardon and Parole members are</p><p>a. Full-time board</p><p>b. Part-time board</p><p>c. Government agency</p><p>d. NGO</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: B</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>62. Parole although not a form of executive clemency is...</p><p>a. Judicial function</p><p>b. Executive function</p><p>c. Legislative function</p><p>d. Court function</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: B</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>63. In the practice and procedure of probation, who is considered the most important person?</p><p>a. Probationer</p><p>b. Probation officer</p><p>c. Chief Probation Officer</p><p>d. Probation aides</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: B</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>64. The nature of conditional pardon given to inmates is that the recipient must accept it before it takes effect, and the pardonee is under obligation to comply with the conditions imposed therein.</p><p>a. Contract</p><p>b. Privilege</p><p>c. Punishment </p><p>d. Act of Grace</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: A</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>65. The first probation law was passed in the year 1878 in ...</p><p>a. Chicago</p><p>b. Massachusetts</p><p>c. England</p><p>d. Pennsylvania</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: B</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>66. A program specifically planned to prepare the offender prior to his release on parole.</p><p>a. Pre-release treatment</p><p>b. Pre-parole interview</p><p>c. Classification meeting</p><p>d. Admission meeting</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: A</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>67. RA No. 4203 created what particular agency?</p><p>a. Department of Justice</p><p>b. Bureau of Corrections</p><p>c. Probation Office</p><p>d. Board of Pardon and Parole</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: D</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>68. It is used by the parole board as a guide in determining the prisoner's eligibility for parole and preparing his parole program.</p><p>a. Pre-release progress report</p><p>b. Pre-board summary</p><p>c. Pre-referral summary</p><p>d. Post-sentence investigation report</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: A</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>69. A parole officer undertakes what particular broad function?</p><p>a. Community protection</p><p>b. Service to individuals</p><p>c. Supervision of parolee</p><p>d. Both a and b</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: D</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>70. This is a method of helping parolees by which the parole office performs referral services.</p><p>a. Manipulative technique</p><p>b. Executive technique</p><p>c. Casework technique</p><p>d. Guidance and counseling technique</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: B</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>71. It refers to the continuing relationship between the probationer and the probation officer.</p><p>a. Initial interview</p><p>b. Post-sentence investigation</p><p>c. Supervision</p><p>d. Orientation</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: C </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>72. Before travel of probationer outside the jurisdiction of the City/Provincial Probation Office, the application for court approval should be filed within how many days?</p><p>a. 45 days</p><p>b. 30 days</p><p>c. 15 days</p><p>d. 5 days</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: C</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>73. A French and Belgian innovation to probation that requires no supervision on the condition that the probationer would not commit an offense within a prescribed period.</p><p>a. Split sentence</p><p>b. Sursis</p><p>c. Furlough</p><p>d. Parole</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: B</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>74. Within how many days should the request for outside travel be filed by the probationer to the probation office prior to the date of his intended departure?</p><p>a. 5 days</p><p>b. 10 days</p><p>c. 15 days</p><p>d. 30 days</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: A</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>75. It refers to the note given to police agencies, which signifies that the probationer is under the supervision of his designated probation officer.</p><p>a. Chrome card</p><p>b. Kardex card</p><p>c. Flash sheet</p><p>d. Field sheet</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: C</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>76. The maximum period of probation when the sentence is not more than one year.</p><p>a. 6 years</p><p>b. 4 years</p><p>c. 2 years</p><p>d. 1 year</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: C</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>77. When will the court deny an application for probation of a petitioner?</p><p>a. Petitioner is a foreigner</p><p>b. Petitioner is a drug dependent</p><p>c. Petitioner violates the condition</p><p>d. The petitioner can be treated well in an institution</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: D</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>78. When will you close a probation case?</p><p>a. When the probationer absconds the place</p><p>b. When he incurred violations</p><p>c. When there is a recommendation for revocation</p><p>d. When the termination order is approved</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: D</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>79. Under PD 603, should a juvenile offender become incorrigible during his reformation period, he is brought to the court for...</p><p>a. Release</p><p>b. Pronouncement of judgment</p><p>c. Probation</p><p>d. Pardon</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: B</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>80. It refers to the relationship between the CPPO, the SPPO, and the probationer.</p><p>a. Supervision</p><p>b. Courtesy supervision</p><p>c. Executive supervision</p><p>d. Administrative supervision</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: D</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>81. An order granting or denying probation shall...</p><p>a. be appealable within 5 days</p><p>b. be appealable within 10 days</p><p>c. be appealable within 15 days</p><p>d. not be appealable</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: D </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>82. It is the supervision undertaken by another probation office that is not permanent in nature.</p><p>a. Merging supervision</p><p>b. Courtesy supervision</p><p>c. Transfer supervision</p><p>d. Operational supervision</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: B</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>83. Brief on an investigation conducted by a probation officer, not within the jurisdiction of the court.</p><p>a. Post-sentence investigation report</p><p>b. Pre-sentence investigation report</p><p>c. Courtesy investigation report</p><p>d. Initial invetigstion report</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: A </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>84. It is the alternative to jail confinement in modern penology.</p><p>a. Parole</p><p>b. Probation</p><p>c. Pardon</p><p>d. Amnesty </p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: B</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>85. In determining whether a petitioner may be placed on probation the court shall consider information relative to which of the following?</p><p>a. Character</p><p>b. Antecedents/environments</p><p>c. Mental/physical condition of the offender</p><p>d. All of these</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: D</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>86. For a convicted offender, probation is a form of ________.</p><p>a. Punishment</p><p>b. Enjoyment</p><p>c. Treatment</p><p>d. Incarceration</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: C</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>87. The law suspends the sentence of minor offenders whose ages range from 9 years to under 18 years and places them in rehabilitation centers.</p><p>a. PD 603</p><p>b. PD 923</p><p>c. PD 968</p><p>d. PD 1202</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: A </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>88. When shall the probation order take effect?</p><p>a. Three days after issuance</p><p>b. Three days before issuance</p><p>c. Upon its issuance</p><p>d. Upon reporting to the probation officer</p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: A</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>89. Articles 1706 - 1727 of the revised Administrative Code as amended is known as </p><p>A. Correction Law </p><p>B. Jail Management Law </p><p>C. Prison Law </p><p>D. Parole and Probation Law </p><p> </p><p>Answer: C</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>90. The mechanical device or contrivance, tools or implement used to hold back, keep in check, or under control is the </p><p>A. Instrument of Restraint </p><p>B. Iron leg Lock </p><p>C. Handcuffs </p><p>D. Metallic chains </p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: A</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>91. Who is tasked with gathering and collecting information and other data of every prisoner into a case study to determine the work assignment, the type of supervision, and the degree of custody and restriction under which an offender must live in jail? </p><p>A. Classification Board </p><p>B. Board of Custody </p><p>C. Diagnostic Board </p><p>D. Treatment Board </p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: A</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>92. The imprisonment a convicted offender may serve, at the rate of PhP8.00 a day subject to certain rules, for failure to pay a fine and if ordered to do so by the judgment is referred to as </p><p>A. Subsidiary imprisonment </p><p>B. Secondary imprisonment </p><p>C. Preventive imprisonment </p><p>D. None of the above</p><p> </p><p>Answer: A</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>93. The meaning of the word oblivion is </p><p>A. forgetting completely </p><p>B. class of persons </p><p>C. abolish </p><p>D. community-based treatment </p><p> </p><p>Answer: A</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>94. The process of determining the needs and requirements of prisoners for assigning them to programs according to their existing resources is called: </p><p>A. classification </p><p>B. quarantine </p><p>C. diversification </p><p>D. quality control </p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: C</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>95. Public humiliation or public exhibition also means: </p><p>A. public execution </p><p>B. social degradation </p><p>C. banishment </p><p>D. public trial </p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: B</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>96. During the 16th up to the 18th century, a criminal may be sent away from a place carried out by prohibition to coming against a specified territory. This is an ancient form of punishment called: </p><p>A. Exile </p><p>B. Transportation </p><p>C. Banishment </p><p>D. Public trial </p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: C</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>97. One of the following represents the earliest codification of Roman law, which was incorporated into the Justinian Code. </p><p>A. Twelve Tables </p><p>B. Burgundian Code </p><p>C. Code of Draco </p><p>D. Hammurabi code </p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: A</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>98. In the history of correction, thinkers during the reformatory movement were the major influences on today’s correctional system. Alexander Macanochie was the one who introduced the _______ of correction. </p><p>A. Solitary system </p><p>B. Irish System </p><p>C. Marked System </p><p>D. Congregate system </p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: C</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>99. Which program plays a unique role in the moral and spiritual regeneration of the prisoner? </p><p>A. Religious programs </p><p>B. Work programs </p><p>C. Education programs </p><p>D. None of these </p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: A</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>100. It is a penalty wherein a convicted person shall not be permitted to enter the place designated in the sentence or within the radius therein specified, which shall not be more than 250 and not less than 25 kilometers from the place designated. </p><p>A. Fine </p><p>B. None of these </p><p>C. P22.00/day </p><p>D. P19.00/day </p><p><br /></p><p>Answer: B</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/p/law-enforcement-administration-review.html">Law Enforcement Administration Review Questions: Next Page</a></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Related:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/p/criminalistics-review-questions.html">Criminalistics Review Questions</a></li></ul><p></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p> </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p> </p><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>Bigwashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12735618787771477107noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69990257539071669.post-18288138479805883522024-02-01T04:55:00.000-08:002024-02-18T00:48:06.341-08:00Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology<p><b>Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology Syllabi/Table of Specification</b></p><p><br /></p><p>The registered criminologist can perform the competencies under the following sub-topics:</p><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Explain the principles of forensic chemistry and toxicology with crime detection and investigation</li><li>Demonstrate accepted protocols for handling chemical and biological evidence (blood, semen, fiber, explosives, drugs, etc.) from the crime scene to the courtroom</li><li>Recognize standardized tests and appropriate laboratory equipment in processing biological evidence and physical evidence</li><li>Apply scientific procedures in the recognition, collection, and preservation of drugs, poisons, and other toxicological concerns</li><li>Generate case reports and present factual reports in support of a court trial</li></ol><p></p><p><br /></p><p>Forensic Chemistry is defined as that branch of Chemistry that deals with the application of chemical principles in the solution of crimes. Like the other forensic sciences, Forensic Chemistry plays a very important part in the speedy investigation and in the administration of justice.</p><p><br /></p><p>Scope</p><p>- Identification of evidence, and its physical and chemical properties. </p><p>- Collection, preservation, examination, and study of blood, semen, and other body fluids; </p><p>- examination of dangerous drugs; </p><p>- examination of body fluid to determine the presence of dangerous drugs;</p><p>- Alcohol (liquor) test; examination of fake products for unfair trade competition; </p><p>- arson investigation; </p><p>- macro etching examination;</p><p>- bullet trajectory; </p><p>- ultraviolet examination</p><p>- tools and other marks;</p><p>- gunshot residues (gunpowder nitrates, paraffin test; distance determination; and firearms examination);</p><p>- principles and examination of explosives, hair, and textile fibers</p><p>- chemical aspects of document and examination;</p><p>- problems with glass fragments and glass fractures, </p><p>- moulage, metallurgy, and petrography as applied to crime investigation. </p><p>- Forensic Chemistry also includes the study and examination of Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA for brevity. (Case of Webb)</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Forensic Toxicology deals with the examination of human internal organs, food samples, and water and gastric contents to detect the presence of poisonous substances, their dosage, effects, and treatment. </p><p><br /></p><p>The work of a Forensic Chemist is divided into four stages, namely:</p><p>1. Collection or reception of the specimen</p><p>2. The actual examination</p><p>3. The communication of the results of the examination</p><p>4. Court appearance.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Equipment Used in the Forensic Examination</p><p><br /></p><p>The following are some of the most common laboratory equipment used in forensic examination:</p><p>1. HPLC (High Powered Liquid Chromatography) </p><p>This scientific equipment is used for the qualitative and quantitative determination of a volatile or non-volatile compound based on the chromatographic separation of its components.</p><p>2. Ultra-violet spectrophotometer</p><p>It is used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of organic compounds.</p><p>3. EMIT (Enzyme Multiple Immuno Assay Technique)</p><p>It is used for screening of abused urine samples.</p><p>4. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope)</p><p>This scientific equipment is used for the physical identification of various questioned specimens. It is a software-controlled digital scanning electron microscope used to produce sticking images over a wide range of magnification (3x3,000,000x) on rough or covered surfaces of minute specimens such as hair, fibers, paint particles, drugs, metal, etc.</p><p>5. FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy)</p><p>Used for the identification of pure organic substances. It identifies organic substances particularly abused drugs and explosive ingredients based on their characteristic functional groups. In layman’s terms, the resulting spectrum could be referred to as the fingerprints of the substance.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Scientific Evidence</p><p><br /></p><p>Evidence is a proof of allegation, it is a means sanctioned by law of ascertaining in a judicial proceeding the truth respecting a matter of fact (Sec Rule 128, Revised Rules on Evidence). </p><p><br /></p><p>Such scientific evidence must have such a relation to the fact in issue as to induce belief in its existence or non-existence.</p><p><br /></p><p>Evidence may be </p><p>(a) direct; </p><p>(b) indirect, which includes circumstantial evidence; and </p><p>(c) hearsay.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Forms of Scientific Evidence</p><p><br /></p><p>(a) Real or Autoptic evidence – is that evidence which is addressed to the senses of the court. It is not limited to that which can be known by the sense of vision but extends to those which are perceived by the senses of hearing, taste, smell, or touch.</p><p>(b) Testimonial Evidence – An expert may be called on the witness stand to answer all questions propounded by both parties in the case. (Oral testimony)</p><p>(c) Documentary evidence – Any written evidence presented by an expert in court that is relevant to the subject matter in dispute and not excluded by the Rules of Court. Formal written reports, expert opinions, certificates, and dispositions are included in this group.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Witness</p><p><br /></p><p>Witness defined.</p><p><br /></p><p>A witness in court may be an ordinary or expert witness.</p><p><br /></p><p>This kind of evidence is called the testimony of an expert witness.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Distinctions between an ordinary witness and an expert witness</p><p><br /></p><p>Ordinary witness</p><p>1. Can only state what his senses have perceived.</p><p>2. May not be skilled on the line he is testifying.</p><p>3. Cannot testify on things or facts he has not perceived except those provided for by law.</p><p><br /></p><p>Expert witness</p><p>1. State what he has perceived and also give his opinion, deductions, or conclusions to his perception.</p><p>2. Must be skilled in the art, science, or trade he is testifying.</p><p>3. Testify on things that he has not seen by giving his opinions, deductions, or conclusions on the statements of facts.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Drugs</p><p><br /></p><p>Drug defined.</p><p><br /></p><p>A drug is a chemical substance that brings about physical, physiological, behavioral, and/or psychological changes in a person taking it.</p><p>All medicines are drugs, but not all drugs are medicine drugs.</p><p><br /></p><p>Medicinal Drugs</p><p>A substance which when taken into the human body cures illness and/or relieves signs/symptoms of disease.</p><p><br /></p><p>Dangerous Drugs</p><p>A substance affecting the central nervous system which when taken into the human body brings about physical, emotional, or behavioral changes in a person taking it.</p><p><br /></p><p>Drug Abuse</p><p>Any non-medical use of drugs that causes physical, psychological, legal, economic, or social damage to the user or to people affected by the user’s behavior.</p><p><br /></p><p>Abuse usually refers to illegal drugs but may also apply to drugs that are available legally, such as prescribed medications and certain over-the-counter medications.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS</p><p><br /></p><p>According to origin:</p><p>a. Natural Drugs - are active ingredients, secondary metabolic products of plants, and other living systems that may be isolated by extraction.</p><p>Examples:</p><p>Raw opium</p><p>Marijuana</p><p>Coca bush</p><p>b. Synthetic Drugs – are artificially produced substances, synthesized in the laboratory for the illicit market, which are almost wholly manufactured from chemical compounds in illicit laboratories.</p><p>Examples:</p><p>Methamphetamine</p><p>Barbiturates</p><p><br /></p><p>According to Legal classification: </p><p>a. RA 9165 (Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002)</p><p>b. PD 1619 (Volatile Substances)</p><p>c. RA 6425 (Classified as Regulated and Prohibited)</p><p><br /></p><p>Under RA 9165, otherwise known as the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, the term prohibited and regulated was changed into dangerous drug with the following classification:</p><p>1. Immediate precursors – a chemical substance used in the clandestine manufacturing process becomes incorporated in full or in part into the final molecules of a substance under international control.</p><p>2. Essential chemicals – chemical substances used as reagents or solvents in the illegal manufacture of controlled substances.</p><p>3. Narcotic, psychotropic, and designer</p><p><br /></p><p>According to International Classification:</p><p>a. Narcotics substance</p><p>b. Psychotropic substances</p><p>c. Designer drugs</p><p><br /></p><p>According to Pharmacological Classification (Effects):</p><p>a. Stimulants</p><p>b. Hallucinogens</p><p>c. Depressants</p><p>d. Inhalants</p><p><br /></p><p>STIMULANTS – are drugs that increase the alertness of physical disposition</p><p>Example: Amphetamine</p><p>Street Name: Eye opener, lid poppers, pep pills, uppers, hearts</p><p>What it is: Reduces appetite Relieves mental depression Comfort fatigue and sleepiness</p><p>Example: Shabu (Methamphetamine Hydrochloride)</p><p>Street Name: Poor Man’s Cocaine, S, shabs, ubas, siopao, sha,</p><p><br /></p><p>HALLUCINOGENS - are drugs that affect sensation, thinking, self-awareness, and emotion.</p><p>Example: Ecstacy</p><p>Street Name: XTC, Adam, essence, E, herbals </p><p>LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide) </p><p><br /></p><p>Marijuana</p><p>Street Name: Mary Jane, Flower, pampapogi, brownies, Damo, pot, tea, joint, Dope Comes from Cannabis Sativa L.(Indian hemp); looks like fine, green tobacco</p><p><br /></p><p>DEPRESSANTS – are drugs which depress or lower the functions of the Central Nervous System</p><p>Types of Depressants:</p><p>Narcotics – a drug that induces sleep (Hypnotics)or stupor and relieves pain (Analgesics)</p><p>Tranquilizers – a substance that reduces anxiety, eases tension and relaxes muscles.</p><p>Sedatives and Hypnotics – calm the nerves, reduce tension, and induce sleep. Example: Barbiturates, alcohol</p><p><br /></p><p>INHALANTS – these are any liquid, solid, or mixed substance that has the property of releasing toxic(psychoactive) vapors or fumes.</p><p>Examples: solvent, glue, gasoline, kerosene, paint, thinner, naphthalene.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>What are considered Dangerous Drugs?</p><p>A Dangerous Drug is a substance affecting the central nervous system which when taken into the human body brings about physical, emotional, or behavioral changes in a person taking it.</p><p><br /></p><p>It is a substance that when taken into the human body alters mood, perception, feelings, and behavior.</p><p><br /></p><p>Under Republic Act 6425, otherwise known as the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972, dangerous drugs are classified into three (3) main categories, namely:</p><p>A. Prohibited Drugs</p><p>B. Regulated Drugs</p><p>C. Volatile Substances</p><p><br /></p><p>Republic Act 9165, otherwise known as the Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, gives a single definition for prohibited and regulated drugs. The old law defines the term “dangerous drugs” as either a “prohibited drug” or a “regulated drug”.“</p><p><br /></p><p>Drug Dependence” – means a state of psychological or physical dependence, or both, on a dangerous drug, arising in a person following administration or use of that drug on a periodic or continuous basis.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>EXAMINATION OF DANGEROUS DRUGS</p><p><br /></p><p>Drug Identification – is a branch of Forensic Chemistry that deals with the scientific examination of drugs and volatile substances.</p><p><br /></p><p>Forms of Dangerous Drugs</p><p>Drugs are in various forms. This includes tablets, capsules, liquid, powder, brick or decks of marijuana, crushed leaves, and uprooted plants.</p><p><br /></p><p>A. Examination of the sample taken from the alleged confiscated Dangerous Drugs</p><p><br /></p><p>Methods of Examination</p><p>1. Qualitative examination</p><p>2. Quantitative examination</p><p><br /></p><p>Two phases in the examination of the alleged confiscated Dangerous Drugs</p><p>1. Screening test/Preliminary test (also known as the color test)</p><p>This test is nonspecific and preliminary in nature. It is employed to reduce the family or group of drugs to a small and manageable number.</p><p><br /></p><p>Screening test includes a series of color tests producing characteristic colors for each family or group of drugs. This is done by adding a specific reagent to an unknown sample in a spot plate.</p><p><br /></p><p>Color Reactions:</p><p>Upon addition of specific reagents to a sample of dangerous drugs, a specific color reaction is produced such as:</p><p>Cannabis: </p><p>Duquenois-Levin = violet</p><p>Fast Blue B salt = purple-red</p><p><br /></p><p>Cocaine: </p><p>Cobalt Thiocyanate test or CT test = blue</p><p>Scott test or Modified CT test: </p><p>Reagent 1 = blue </p><p>Reagent 2 = pink</p><p>Reagent 3 = blue</p><p><br /></p><p>Wagner test = brown (specific test for cocaine)</p><p>Diazepam: Zimmerman test = reddish purple or pink(some benzodiazepine derivatives do not give color with this test)</p><p>Hydrochloric acid = yellow</p><p>Vitali-Morin test = yellow orange</p><p><br /></p><p>Opium: Marquis = violet</p><p>Ferric Sulfate = Brownish purple</p><p>Mecke = Blue to green</p><p>Nitric acid = Orange to red to yellow</p><p><br /></p><p>Morphine: </p><p>Marquis = Violet to reddish-purple</p><p><br /></p><p>Codeine: </p><p>Mecke = Blue to green </p><p>Nitric acid = Orange to yellow</p><p><br /></p><p>Heroin: </p><p>Mecke = Blue to green</p><p>Nitric acid = Yellow to green</p><p><br /></p><p>Dille-Koppanyi test = reddish purple (for barbiturates)</p><p><br /></p><p>Methamphetamine Hydrochloride: </p><p>Simon test = Blue</p><p>Marquis test = Orange to brown</p><p><br /></p><p>Ecstacy: </p><p>Simon test = Blue</p><p><br /></p><p>Methaqualone and Phencyclidine: </p><p>CT test =blue</p><p><br /></p><p>Lysergide or LSD: </p><p>Ehrlich = violet</p><p><br /></p><p>Mescaline: </p><p>Marquis test = Orange</p><p>Liebermann = black</p><p><br /></p><p>Note:</p><p>It must be noted that the Positive results of these tests are not conclusive, as there are substances that may give the same positive color reaction/s upon the addition of the specific reagents. Hence, confirmatory tests must be performed by the Forensic Chemist/Chemical officer on the case to establish the presence and identification of dangerous drugs. It must also be noted that only those specimens that yielded presumptive positive results are subject to confirmatory tests to confirm if the positive result of the screening test is really positive.</p><p><br /></p><p>2. Confirmatory Test</p><p>A confirmatory test is the method employed to confirm the results of the screening/preliminary test. This test involves the application of an analytical procedure to identify the presence of a specific drug or metabolite. This is independent of the screening test and which uses techniques and chemical principles different from that of the initial test to ensure reliability and accuracy. </p><p><br /></p><p>There are several methods used in the confirmatory test. Some of these methods are:</p><p>Chromatography – is the process of separating the mixture and comparing the migration of each component with the standard. Some chromatographic techniques include:</p><p>Gas chromatography</p><p>Thin Layer chromatography</p><p>High-Pressure Liquid chromatography</p><p><br /></p><p>What is a GAS Chromatography?</p><p>- It is a separate technique</p><p>- The mobile phase is a gas</p><p>- Separation is based on the difference in migration rates among sample components.</p><p><br /></p><p>Spectroscopy – a confirmatory method whereby light is used to identify the sample specimen.</p><p><br /></p><p>Fourier – Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FTIR) - Used for the identification of pure organic substances. Identifies organic substances particularly dangerous drugs and explosive ingredients based on their characteristic functional groups. Inlayman’s term, the resulting spectrum could be referred to as the fingerprints of the substance.</p><p><br /></p><p>Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy – Used for screening of dangerous drugs in urine specimens.</p><p><br /></p><p>GUNSHOT RESIDUE</p><p><br /></p><p>Basically, gunshot residue comes from the powder component of the bullet and elements from cartridge cases and gun barrels where the bullet passes. When these components are burned, certain products of combustion are formed which include partially burned and unburned particles. These particles are deposited on the target as a definite pattern depending upon the distance between the muzzle of the gun and the target at the time of discharge.</p><p><br /></p><p>Upon discharge of the firearm, gunpowder residues(nitrates) may be deposited on a person at close proximity, so the interpretations as to who discharged the firearm should be made with caution. (Thorton, 1986) A hand or body part close to the fired weapon may have gunpowder residues consistent with having discharged the weapon. However, the absence of gunpowder residues on the person’s hands or body parts does not mean that he/she did not discharge a firearm.</p><p><br /></p><p>Gunpowder residue may be found on the skin or clothing of the person who discharged the gun, on the entrance bullet hole of the garment or wound of the victim, or on other target materials at the scene.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Components of gunshot residue</p><p>1. Primer or lead residue</p><p>2. Gunpowder residue</p><p>3. Elemental components from cartridge case residues</p><p><br /></p><p>Composition of Primer</p><p>Primer elements may be easier to detect in residues because they do not get as hot as that powder. </p><p><br /></p><p>Types of gunpowder</p><p>1. Single-based - when the basic ingredient is nitrocellulose</p><p>2. Double based - nitrocellulose + 1 to 40% nitroglycerine</p><p>3. Triple based - nitrocellulose + nitroglycerine + nitroguanidine.</p><p><br /></p><p>These can be differentiated using a mass spectrophotometer.</p><p><br /></p><p>Composition of cartridge case, bullet coating, and metal jacket</p><p>1. Cartridge and primer cases; BRASS (7:3 COPPER-ZINC)</p><p>2. Bullet cores: lead, lead, antimony, and a few iron alloy</p><p>3. Bullet jackets: brass (9:1 copper-zinc), some are iron or aluminum alloy. Some contain nickel.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>GUNSHOT RESIDUE EXAMINATIONS</p><p><br /></p><p>Purpose:</p><p>Gunshot residue examinations are performed to help the investigators in determining whether a person has discharged/fired a firearm/gun or not; whether a firearm was discharged or not; and the possible gunshot range or the distance of the shooter to the victim. Both hands of the suspect, as well as those of the victim, the firearms, and clothing of the victim, must be examined to determine the presence of gunpowder nitrates.</p><p><br /></p><p>Types of Powder used in the ammunition of small firearms</p><p><br /></p><p>There are two types of powder used in the ammunition of small firearms. These are:</p><p>1. Black Powder - this consists of a mixture of carbon(Charcoal), sulfur, and potassium nitrate. This mixture is used as an igniter in smokeless gun propellant. It consists of a mixture of 15% Charcoal, 10% Sulfur and 75% Potassium nitrates. Aluminum is added to enhance the burning property. When this powder is burned, a combustion reaction takes place:</p><p><br /></p><p>2KNO3 + 2o2 + S + C CO2 + SO2 + k2O2 + 2NO2</p><p><br /></p><p>2. Smokeless Powder - This mixture consists of Cellulose or glycerol nitrate combined with some stabilizers (nitrobenzene or graphite nitrates, dichromate, and oxalates). When this powder explodes, the chemical reaction takes placeCellulose nitrate: C12H14O4(NO3)6 + 6H2O+3N2+4CO2+8CO+H2</p><p>Glycerol nitrate : C3H5(NO3)3 + CO2 + H2O + N2 + O2</p><p><br /></p><p>Primers</p><p>To explode a low explosive, flame is required. In guns, the flame is applied by means of a primer. Primer produces flame on percussion. A typical primer consists of a case containing an initiating explosive such as mercury culminate, an oxidizing agent such as potassium chlorate or barium nitrate, and a fuel such as antimony sulfide. This component is the basis for the examination of gunshot residue particularly primer residues for distance determination.</p><p><br /></p><p>DETECTION OF GUNSHOT RESIDUE</p><p>The following are common methods used by most crime laboratories to detect gunshot residue:</p><p>1. Paraffin test (most common in the practice)</p><p>2. Lead residue (detection limit: up to 30 feet and always present on the opposite sides of the penetrated target). Reported from intermediate glass target present.</p><p>3. Gunpowder residue examination (detection limit: highly variable up to 20 cm, and up to 21 inches is common)</p><p>4. Other examinations</p><p><br /></p><p>The last two methods are classical. Color development or modern methods such as Neutron Activation Analysis(NAA), atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), Scanning Electron microscopy with energy dispersive analysis (SEM-EDA), and inductively coupled plasma with mass spectrophotometry (ICP-MS) are used. History of Paraffin test/dermal nitrate or Diphenylaminetest.</p><p><br /></p><p>The Paraffin test originated in Cuba when Dr.Gonzalo Iturrios first used paraffin for collecting gunpowder residues from a discharged firearm. In 1933, Teodoro Gonzales of Criminal Identification Laboratory, Mexico City introduced the test in the United States. In this test, the hands were coated with a layer of melted paraffin. After cooling, the casts were removed and treated with Diphenylamine (5% DPA in 60% sulfuric).</p><p><br /></p><p>Methods of Examination</p><p><br /></p><p>Paraffin Test</p><p>To determine whether a person has discharged a firearm, the Paraffin–Diphenylamine test is used. The basis of this test is the presence of nitrates in the gunpowder residue. When a warm melted paraffin wax is applied to the hands of the alleged shooter, it will cause the pores of the skin to open and exude the particles of gunpowder residue. These particles of gunpowder residue are being extracted by the paraffin cast with the use of melted paraffin wax) and will appear as blue specks, when diphenylamine reagent (DPA for brevity) is added to the cast. It must be noted that the specks are generally located on the area of the thumb and forefingers.</p><p><br /></p><p>Note: </p><p>The blue color that appears indicates the reaction of nitrates with diphenylamine reagent. Thus, nitrate from other sources like fertilizers will give the same reaction. Other substances similar to nitrate known as oxidizers will also react with the reagent in the same way. </p><p><br /></p><p>However, it must also be noted that the blue specks have the characteristic of “tailing”.</p><p><br /></p><p>What is the Principle behind the Paraffin test?</p><p>While the burned and partially burned particles(gunpowder residue) is deposited on the target and in the barrel of the gun, some of these burned and partially burned particles may escape around the breech of the gun and some may be embedded on the exposed surface of the hand/s of the person discharging the firearm. </p><p><br /></p><p>Thus, the presence of these residues can be detected by way of paraffin examination.</p><p><br /></p><p>Paraffin casting of the alleged shooter shall only be done within seventy-two (72) hours from the time of the alleged shooting incident. No person shall be subjected to paraffin casting after the lapse of the specified period.</p><p><br /></p><p>Embalmed cadavers who allegedly discharged a firearm shall no longer be subjected to paraffin examination because of the impossibility of extracting the gunpowder nitrates from the former’s hands.</p><p><br /></p><p>Paraffin wax (M.P. 38-40 C)</p><p><br /></p><p>Different names of this test:</p><p>Lunge’s test</p><p>Diphenylamine test</p><p>Dermal nitrate test</p><p>Gonzales test - named after the one who improved the test</p><p><br /></p><p>Question: Is there any means of removing these nitrates from the hands? How long will they stay in the pores?</p><p>Answer: None. Ordinary washing will not remove the nitrates from the pores of the skin. Usually, gunpowder nitrates that are embedded in the skin stay for 72 hours. That is why paraffin casting should be conducted within the specified period.</p><p><br /></p><p>Substances giving false positive results:</p><p>1. fertilizers</p><p>2. explosives</p><p>3. tobacco</p><p>4. urine</p><p>5. certain cosmetics</p><p>6. food samples</p><p>7. cigarette</p><p><br /></p><p>Question: Will these substances not give positive results for the paraffin test?</p><p>Answer: If the hands of the subject person are contaminated with nitrates other than from gunpowder, one will expect to find smudges or just a smear of blue color or a conglomeration of blue specks. But nitrates from gunpowder appear as blue specks with tailings because these particles were embedded into the hands with force.</p><p><br /></p><p>Question: Is the paraffin test result conclusive evidence? Why?</p><p>Answer: No. It is just corroborative evidence that intends to support the testimony of eyewitnesses, There are instances wherein a person who actually discharged a firearm would still give a negative result to the paraffin test because of several factors.</p><p><br /></p><p>Question: What are these factors?</p><p>Answer: </p><p>1. Types of caliber of ammunition</p><p>2. Use of gloves</p><p>3. Length of the barrel</p><p>4. Age of the gun/efficiency of the mechanism</p><p>5. Direction of firing</p><p>6. Wind direction and velocity</p><p>7. Humidity/percentage moisture in air</p><p>8. When 72 hours had already lapsed(3 days)</p><p><br /></p><p>False Positive result</p><p>1. Contamination or transfer of gunshot residue (GSR)to the body by mishandling, or when the body is heavily contaminated by GSR from a previous shooting.</p><p>2. Washing of hands where samples are collected </p><p>3. Type of ammunition such as rifle and shotgun.</p><p><br /></p><p>Length of the barrel. </p><p>A weapon with a 2-inch barrel will deposit residue over a larger area than a weapon with a 5-inch barrel (even if they are discharged from the same distance with the same type of ammunition). In a longer barrel, the hand is farther away from the muzzle end of the gun. It takes a bullet to travel in more time, thus using up/burning up more, if not all, of the nitrates. In a short barrel, the bullet travels through the barrel in less time leaving behind a greater amount of unburned particles.</p><p><br /></p><p>Age of the gun/efficiency of the mechanism. </p><p>Complete combustion or the conversion of all nitrates into its end product(CO, CO,N,O,-OH) is more likely to occur in a new weapon compared to an old one. Besides, leakage of gunpowder is more likely to happen in the old weapon where the breech mechanism is no longer tightly fitted.</p><p><br /></p><p>Direction of firing. </p><p>More powder residues will be obtained when the gun is discharged pointing upward than downward. Gunpowder residues have weight and will naturally fall down because of gravity.</p><p><br /></p><p>Wind direction and velocity. </p><p>In high velocity (strong wind), the powder residues will be blown in the direction of the wind. One is more likely to be positive for gunpowder nitrates if there is no wind, or the wind direction is towards the shooter.</p><p><br /></p><p>Humidity/percentage moisture in the air. </p><p>Humidity lessens the extent of combustion yielding more gunpowder nitrates.</p><p><br /></p><p>False Positive reaction - a smear of blue color or a conglomeration of blue specks on both dorsal and palm aspects of the hand.</p><p><br /></p><p>Failure to find traces of nitrate on the hand of the person does not prove that he did not fire a gun. However, it is submitted that the paraffin test has some value due to the psychological effect on the persons whose hands were found positive. Also, the finding of actual traces of gunpowder nitrates on the hand/s of the person does not conclusively determine or establish that he has discharged a gun. It is possible that the GPR particle may have been blown on the hand directly from the barrel of the gun being discharged by another person.</p><p><br /></p><p>Gunpowder Residue Test on Firearms</p><p>The diphenylamine reagent is also applied to cotton swabbing of the barrel and chambers of the gun to determine if the firearm was discharged. A deep blue color resulting from the reaction of nitrates with the reagent indicates the presence of gunpowder residue.</p><p><br /></p><p>Gunshot Range (GSR) Determination (Also known as gunshot distance determination)</p><p>When a firearm is discharged, gunpowder residue may also be deposited on the clothing of the victim. The size and density of the pattern of gunpowder residue found on the clothing are the main factors considered in determining the approximate distance of the shooter to the victim. As the distance to the victim increases, the size of the pattern expands while density decreases and vice-versa.</p><p><br /></p><p>Distance determination - the method of determining the distance between the firearm and the target. This is usually based on the distance of the powder patterns or the spread of the shot pattern.</p><p><br /></p><p>Importance of Distance Determination</p><p>1. In connection to self-defense pleas</p><p>2. In the distinction between murder and suicide. It is possible to state with certainty the distance of the gun from the target by means of the patterns and residues left on the target. Not only the type of gun, but also the condition and type of ammunition that will affect this pattern. </p><p><br /></p><p>In ascertaining the gunshot range (GSR) the examiner should note and observe the following:</p><p>1. Entrance and Exit holes</p><p>2. Powder residue pattern (Burning, singeing, smudging, tattooing - a black coarsely peppered pattern)</p><p><br /></p><p>Entrance and Exit holes:</p><p>The entrance hole contains gunpowder residue (bullet wipe residue) and it is slightly burned.</p><p><br /></p><p>The diameter of the entrance hole is smaller than the exit hole.</p><p><br /></p><p>The exit hole is frayed outward while the entrance hole is inward.</p><p><br /></p><p>Other Entrance hole characteristics:</p><p>a. Angled bullet entrance hole has an elongated hole.</p><p>b. Contact fires have uneven margins but all entrance holes typically have even margins.</p><p>c. Grazing bullet hole (several small holes created from a folded garment)</p><p><br /></p><p>Classification of gunshot distance</p><p>- Burning (direct)</p><p>- Singeing (1 to 2 inches)</p><p>- Smudging (2 to 8 inches)</p><p>- Tattooing (8 to 18 inches)</p><p><br /></p><p>The distance of the muzzle of the gun to the target is classified into three (3):</p><p>1. Direct contact</p><p>2. 2 inches to 36 inches away</p><p>3. 36 inches away or more</p><p><br /></p><p>Characteristics of Gunshot Wounds</p><p>a. Direct/Contact wounds</p><p>The principal damage is more visible due to the flame and the muzzle blast than to the penetration of bullet. The following observations may be noted:</p><p>1. Gaping hole where fabric is badly torn</p><p>2. Blackened area surrounding the bullet hole</p><p>3. The presence of partially burned powder residues around the entrance hole</p><p>b. Wounds inflicted at a Distance from 2-36 inches:</p><p>If the gun is discharged closely to the body of the victim, two (2) types of discoloration will be observed around the hole of the entrance namely: </p><p>(1) smudging and </p><p>(2) powder tattooing (black coarsely peppered pattern).</p><p><br /></p><p>Smudging is produced when the gun is held from about 2 inches to a maximum of 8 inches. The smoke and soot from the burned pores are deposited around the hole of the entrance producing a dirty appearance.</p><p><br /></p><p>The size of the smudge depends upon the following: </p><p>A. Length of the barrel: </p><p>A weapon with a 2-inch barrel will deposit residue over a larger area than a weapon with a 5-inch barrel (even if they are fired from a distance with the same type of ammunition). In a longer barrel, the hand is farther away from the muzzle end of the gun. It takes a bullet to travel in more time, thus, using up/burning up more, if not all, of the nitrates. In a short barrel, the bullet travels through the barrel in less time, leaving behind more unburned particles.</p><p>B. Age of the gun/efficiency of the mechanism.</p><p>Complete combustion or the conversion of all nitrates into it send product is more likely to occur in a new weapon compared to an old one. Besides, leakage of gunpowder is more likely to happen in the old weapon where the breech mechanism is no longer tightly fitted.</p><p>C. Direction of Firing. </p><p>More powder residues will be obtained when the gun is fired upward rather than downward. Gunpowder residues have weight and will naturally fall down because of gravity.</p><p>D. Wind Direction and Velocity. </p><p>In high velocity (strong wind), the powder residues will be blown in the direction of the wind. One is more likely to be positive for gunpowder nitrates if there is no wind, or the direction is away from the body.</p><p>E. Humidity/percentage moisture in air. </p><p>Humidity lessens the extent of combustion yielding more gunpowder nitrates.</p><p><br /></p><p>Powder tattooing produces a black coarsely peppered pattern. Individual specks of tattooing around the hole are visible to the naked eye.</p><p><br /></p><p>The area of blackening around the perforation will be found to diminish in size as the muzzle of the gun is held further away from the target.</p><p><br /></p><p>Take note that the size of the area of powder tattooing will also depend on the following:</p><p>- Caliber</p><p>- Powder charge</p><p>- Distance of firing</p><p><br /></p><p>c. Wounds inflicted at a Distance of more than 36 inches:</p><p>- Powder tattooing is seldom present</p><p>- Nitrates found will not be sufficient for GSR</p><p><br /></p><p>FIREARM EXAMINATION</p><p>Methods used to determine the probable time the firearm has been discharged.</p><p>a. Lucas test</p><p>A characteristic smell that decreases in intensity with the lapse of time is present immediately after firing but even after several weeks, some slight smell remains.</p><p>b. Odor (Hydrogen Sulfide) </p><p>This is another product resulting from the combustion of gunpowder which is present in the gaseous state. This compound can be detected using a lead acetate paper test.</p><p><br /></p><p>If the breech of the gun is kept closed, this persists between 2-3 hours.</p><p><br /></p><p>Sulfide - the greater part disappears in about 4-5 hours but frequently a trace remains for a longer time, the longest period being 10 hours.</p><p><br /></p><p>c. Odor of the Barrel (rusting)</p><p>As a rule, no rust can be detected inside the barrel of a firearm if such firearm has not been discharged. But if the firearm has been discharged, iron salts are formed and can be detected inside the barrel. These iron salts are soon oxidized resulting in the formation of rust. The formation of rust is affected by the humidity of the air so in the interpretation of the result, this factor must always be considered.</p><p>d. Presence of Nitrates (by cotton swabbing method)</p><p>Nitrates diminish after a lapse of time. Nitrates can be detected by swabbing a portion of residue in a barrel and mixing the residue with Diphenylamine solution (DPA).</p><p>e. Dermal Nitrate test</p><p>The test is designed to determine the presence of gunpowder nitrates on the hands of the alleged shooter.</p><p><br /></p><p>Distance from which the gun has been discharged </p><p>Significance:</p><p>a. In connection with self-defense </p><p>b. In the distinction between murder and suicide. It can be stated with certainty the distance of the gun from the target by way of patterns of residues left on the victim.</p><p><br /></p><p>Scorching or Singeing</p><p>If a firearm was discharged very close to the target as in a case of alleged suicide and sometimes in murder, burns or scorches may result. This resulting reaction is caused by a flame that emerges from the muzzle and travels only a short distance from it. This distance will vary with the length of the barrel, the size of the powder charge, and the degree to which the bullet fills the barrel. The presence of scorch is a proof that the firearm was discharged a few inches away from the target. Scorching is very rare if the victim was shot 3 inches or more away from the muzzle.</p><p><br /></p><p>Other Methods of Examination</p><p>The following are the sophisticated instruments used to determine the gunshot range residue (GSR):</p><p>AAS - Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer</p><p>NAA - Neutron Activation Analysis</p><p>SEM-EDX - Scanning Electron Microscope with Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis</p><p>ICP-MS - Inductively coupled plasma with Mass Spectrophotometry</p><p><br /></p><p>COLLECTION, PRESERVATION, TRANSIT AND SAFEKEEPING OF EVIDENCE</p><p><br /></p><p>The following are the guidelines for the proper preservation and safekeeping of evidence:</p><p>1. A proper chain of custody shall always be observed.</p><p>2. All examined pieces of evidence (drugs and other paraphernalia, explosives, firearms, etc.) shall be personally turned over by the examiner on the case to the evidence custodian. The latter, in turn, shall execute its documentation by recording all received as well as released evidence for court presentation. No examiners shall keep in their possession evidence once examined.</p><p>3. Evidence shall be properly placed in suitable dry containers for proper preservation and shall be placed inside the concrete evidence room.</p><p><br /></p><p>Firearms evidence shall be kept in a separate evidence room specially designed for the purpose. However, hazardous evidence such as explosives and other inflammable evidence is photographed after examination with its corresponding case number before turning it over to the Explosive Ordnance Disposal Unit (EODU) with proper receipt for safekeeping or proper disposal.</p><p><br /></p><p>4. Clothing removed from the victim should be cautiously and carefully handled to prevent powder residues from becoming dislodged.</p><p>5. Do not wad the specimen or pack it loosely for shipment.</p><p>6 Secure the area to be tested between two layers of heavy cardboard fastened together tightly to prevent the specimen from becoming postlude about in transit.</p><p>7. Each specimen should be wrapped tightly and marked.</p><p>8. Clothing heavily smeared with blood should be dried thoroughly before packing.</p><p>9. The gun recovered from the scene of the crime and the ammunition available should be preserved.</p><p>10. A person suspected to have discharged a firearm should be subjected to a paraffin test. (Cover his hands with paper bags to avoid contamination). Examination must be performed immediately and in no case should it be postponed 72 hours after the shooting.</p><p><br /></p><p>BODY FLUIDS</p><p>Body fluid and seminal stains are important evidence. Whether they are bloodstains or seminal stains, they can be employed to determine whether a person is involved in a crime or not. The succeeding paragraphs provide for the proper collection and preservation of blood, saliva, semen, and urine, and the standard for comparison.</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Blood</p><p>It is a must that before collecting bloodstains, a precise description of the extent and pattern of blood spatters should be made. This means that close-up scaled photographs of bloodstains should be done.</p><p><br /></p><p>If materials with bloodstains are sent to the laboratory, the following procedures should be complied.</p><p>a. Air-dry the material on clean paper.</p><p>b. When dried, put the material inside a paper bag, Mark the bag with initials, the date and an exhibit number before fastening it. Do not bag items if they are not thoroughly dried.</p><p>c. If the material has to be folded, cover the stained area with clean paper. Avoid folding across the stained area.</p><p>d. Bloodstained materials should be packaged individually.</p><p>e. Collect a comparison standard. The comparison standard is 5cc of blood each taken from the victim and the suspect which are placed in separate vials. A qualified physician is tasked with extracting the blood. The vials are marked with the donor’s name, doctor’s name, date, exhibit number, and other pertinent information.</p><p><br /></p><p>2. Saliva</p><p>a. Air-dry the material on clean paper.</p><p>b. When dried, put the material inside a paper bag. Mark the bag with initials, the date, and an exhibit number before fastening. Do not bag items if they are not thoroughly dried.</p><p>c. If the material has to be folded, cover the stained area with clean paper. Avoid folding across the stained area.</p><p>d. Materials stained with saliva should be packed individually.</p><p>e. Collect a comparison standard. The comparison standard is a cotton swab each from the victim’s and the suspect’s mouths. The swabs are dried and packed separately in paper envelopes. The envelopes are marked with your initials, the donor’s name, the date, the exhibit number, and other pertinent information.</p><p><br /></p><p>3. Semen</p><p>a. Air-dry the material on clean paper.</p><p>b. When dried, put the material inside a paper bag. Mark the bag with your initials, the date, and an exhibit number before fastening it. Do not bag items if they are not thoroughly dried.</p><p>c. If the material has to be folded, cover the stained area with clean paper. Avoid folding across the stained area.</p><p>d. Materials/objects stained with semen should be packed individually.</p><p>e. Collect a comparison standard. Get blood and saliva samples following steps 1 and 2.</p><p><br /></p><p>4. Sweat</p><p>Obtain sweat evidence following the steps shown in 3.</p><p><br /></p><p>5. Urine</p><p>Obtain urine evidence following the steps shown in 3.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>FINGERPRINTS</p><p>Latent impressions, regardless of the area of the ridges present, are of the greatest importance to the criminal investigator as their identification may solve the crime and result in the successful prosecution of the subject. Consequently, every effort should be made to preserve and identify them.</p><p><br /></p><p>It is imperative that fingerprints hidden on no-porous surfaces should be collected immediately and sent to the laboratory since they disintegrate rapidly. When packaging fingerprints, be sure that they are shielded from smudging or deterioration. The succeeding paragraphs will show how fingerprints from non-porous and absorbent surfaces should be gathered and preserved.</p><p><br /></p><p>1. On Absorbent Materials</p><p>a. Put the absorbent material in a plastic bag. Mark the bag with initials, the date, and an exhibit number.</p><p>b. Do not directly handle the material with your fingers. Wear a pair of light cloth gloves. Handle an object only by its edges or surfaces, insofar as it is necessary.</p><p>c. Avoid processing the fingerprints on absorbent surfaces unless you are trained to perform such a function.</p><p>d. Collect standard fingerprints that were properly and legibly taken for comparison.</p><p><br /></p><p>Lifting Latent prints</p><p>a. Get a piece of lifting tape from the roll without cutting. Do not jerk, but pull slowly and gradually, not straight out from the roll but back and downward.</p><p>b. Hold the roll in one hand and the tape in the other. Place the end of the tape about ½ inch in front of the print and firmly press the tape evenly over the print by sliding your thumb over it.</p><p>c. Remove the tape from the surface by pulling slowly until the tape is almost entirely clear from the surface.</p><p>d. Cut off the section used and mount the lifted print on a Crime Scene Evidence Logbook.</p><p>e. During the entire operation, never touch the gummed side of the tape.</p><p>f. Mark fingerprint evidence collected properly with your initials, the date, and location, and have it initialed by at least two witnesses.</p><p>g. Collect standard fingerprints which were properly and legibly taken for comparison.</p><p><br /></p><p>2. On Soft Surfaces </p><p>a. Be extra careful when extracting fingerprint impressions on soft surfaces such as putty. Permit as much excess material surrounding the fingerprint as possible.</p><p>b. Paste the material with the fingerprints on a stiff cardboard surface. Mark the cardboard surface with your initials, the date, and an exhibit number.</p><p>c. Tape a paper cup or glass baby food jar on the evidence for protection. Do not touch the fingerprint.</p><p>d. Collect a comparison standard. Submit the tape containing the fingerprint impressions to the laboratory in the condition when it was found.</p><p><br /></p><p>3. On Skin</p><p>a. Fingerprints may be found on the victim’s skin especially if the suspect held him/her. Collect the prints immediately since fingerprints on the skin deteriorate rapidly. When extracting the prints, use methods like dusting, chemical, electronic or photographic techniques. Avoid washing the skin area before processing the fingerprints.</p><p>b. Collect a comparison standard. Gather and identify the fingerprints of the suspect, the victim, and those who touched an object under investigation. Put the fingerprint evidence in an envelope and fasten it. Mark the envelope with your initials, the date, and an exhibit number.</p><p><br /></p><p>FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION</p><p>Bullets and cartridges have the unique markings of the firearm from which they were discharged. In addition, firearms leave a visible residue on the shooter’s hands. The succeeding paragraphs provide for the proper collection and preservation of the gunshot residue, firearms, serial numbered items, weapons, spent bullets, and spent cartridges.</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Gunshot Residue</p><p>a. Wash your hands or wear a pair of gloves.</p><p>b. Get swabs of the back of the suspect’s left and right hand using cotton swabs moistened with 5 percent nitric acid. Do the same for the suspect’s right and left-hand palm areas. Put the swabs in a plastic bag and mark them with your initials, the date, and an exhibit number.</p><p>c. Get swabs of the right and left facial cheek areas if a rifle or shotgun is involved.</p><p>d. Do not attempt to collect swabs if a .22 caliber was involved; if more than six hours have lapsed; or if the suspect has washed his hands.</p><p>e. Make a control swab by wetting a cotton swab with dilute acid. Then put the swab inside a plastic bag marked as “Control swab”.</p><p>f. Get a swab of the interior of a spent casing using water, instead of acid. Put the swab in plastic bag marked as “casing”.</p><p>g. Put clothing evidence intended for gunshot residue testing inside a plastic bag. Mark the bag with your initials, the date, and an exhibit number.</p><p>h. Send the firearm to the laboratory to determine the distance from the bullet hole to the firearm muzzle. If the ammunition is available, send it with the weapon.</p><p><br /></p><p>2. Small Firearms</p><p>a. Photograph the weapon before conducting the examination.</p><p>b. Dust the weapon for fingerprints.</p><p>c. Remove magazines from automatic loading weapons.</p><p>d. Do not operate the mechanism except to unload.</p><p>e. Sketch the relative position of the spent casings and live rounds with respect to the barrel.</p><p>f. Affix an identification tag to the weapon which will contain a brief description of the firearm, make, model type caliber, or gauge destination serial number, your initials, the date, and an exhibit number.</p><p>g. Scratch initials or marks of identification on the side of the frame received back strap, bangle, etc.</p><p>h. Do not use “X” to mark stocks, or side plates that can be readily removed or replaced.</p><p>i. Record the absence or presence of a round in the chamber. Dust the outer surface of the clip for prints. Put the clip in an envelope then mark.</p><p>j. Put the weapon in a plastic bag or paper bag. Mark the bag with your initials, the date, and an exhibit number.</p><p>k. Do not send a loaded firearm through the mail.</p><p><br /></p><p>3. Serial Numbers</p><p>a. If the serial number has been erased put an identifying mark on the weapon.</p><p>b. Attach an identification tag to the weapon with your initials, the date, and an exhibit number.</p><p>c. Put the weapon in a paper or plastic bag.</p><p>d. Do not attempt to retrieve the serial number using acid-etch solutions.</p><p><br /></p><p>4. Shoulder Weapons</p><p>a. Photograph the weapon before conducting the examination.</p><p>b. Dust the weapon for concealed prints.</p><p>c. Do not clean or fire.</p><p>d. Record the absence or presence of a round in the chamber.</p><p>e. Attach an evidence tag to the weapon with the weapon’s description and serial number.</p><p>f. Dust the outer surface of the clip for hidden fingerprints.</p><p>g. Put the clip in an envelope and mark.</p><p>h. Put the unloaded weapon in a wooden or rigid cardboard box and fasten it. Mark the box with your initials, the date, and an exhibit number.</p><p><br /></p><p>5. Fired Bullets</p><p>a. Photograph the bullets before conducting the examination.</p><p>b. Extract the used bullet from the object excluding the material around it.</p><p>c. Do not wash or clean.</p><p>d. Cover the bullet with cotton then place it in an unbreakable container. Pack the bullets separately.</p><p>e. Mark the container with your initials, the date, and an exhibit number.</p><p><br /></p><p>6. Fired Cartridge Cases</p><p>a. Photograph the fired metallic cartridge case before conducting the examination.</p><p>b. Do not mutilate, scratch, or nick the head of the shell.</p><p>c. If recovered in revolver cylinder mark chambers to correspond with shell designation.</p><p>d. Note as to mark of identification used. </p><p>e. Sketch showing the relative position of shells if recovered on floor, or sheet.</p><p>f. Transmit the information to the laboratory. Scratch the initial or mark of identification near the mouth of the shell, preferably inside the mouth.</p><p>g. Do not scratch, mutilate the head, or read the portion of the cartridge case.</p><p>h. Roll individually on paper.</p><p>i. Place a rubber band around the paper.</p><p>j. Place wrapped cartridges in a heavy paper envelope.</p><p>k. Forward to the laboratory. Mark the bag with your initials, the date, and an exhibit number.</p><p><br /></p><p>7. Fired Paper Shot Shells</p><p>a. Photograph the fired paper shot shells before conducting the examination.</p><p>b. Do not mutilate, scratch, or nick the head of the shell.</p><p>c. Note as to mark of identification used.</p><p>d. Sketch showing the relative position of shells when recovered on the floor or streets.</p><p>e. Transmit the information to the laboratory.</p><p>f. With ink or an indelible pencil, mark the inside of shells using the initials of the person recovering.</p><p>g. Do not scratch, nick, or mutilate the brass head of the shell.</p><p>h. Roll individually on paper.</p><p>i. Place wrapped cartridges in a heavy paper envelope.</p><p>j. Forward to a laboratory. Mark the bag with your initials, the date, and an exhibit number.</p><p><br /></p><p>8. Shot Pellets</p><p>a. Photograph the shot pellets before conducting the examination.</p><p>b. Recover as many as possible. Do not mutilate in removal.</p><p>c. Source the position of recovered pellets.</p><p>d. Record the number and send it to the laboratory.</p><p>e. Note mark of identification used on a seal.</p><p>f. Seal container-marking seal with a mark of identification on the gum label seal on the envelope.</p><p>g. Use a pillbox as the shipping container.</p><p>h. Place the box in the envelope, and seal the envelope.</p><p>i. Indicate the source of pellets on the envelope.</p><p>j. Forward to the laboratory. Mark the bag with your initials, the date, and an exhibit number.</p><p><br /></p><p>9. Shot Wads</p><p>a. Photograph the shot wads before conducting the examination.</p><p>b. Recover as many as possible.</p><p>c. Recover the source of the wads.</p><p>d. Transmit the information to the laboratory.</p><p>e. Make notes on the mark of identification used.</p><p>f. Using ink or an indelible pencil, inscribe the initials of the person recovering or mark identification.</p><p>g. Do not use “X”, place in a paper envelope, sealing for transmission to the laboratory.</p><p>h. Place in a paper envelope indicating the source on the envelope.</p><p>i. Forward to laboratory. Mark the bag with your initials, the date, and an exhibit number.</p><p>j. Gather the spent wads and record their locations. Put them separately in paper envelopes.</p><p>k. Mark the envelope with the required identification.</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Liquids</p><p>a. Gather a minimum of one pint of the liquid using a leakproof container.</p><p>b. Fasten the container with adhesive tape and mark with your initials, the date and exhibit number.</p><p>c. Mark glass containers with “fragile”.</p><p>d. Collect a comparison standard.</p><p><br /></p><p>2. Plant Materials</p><p>a. Air dry samples by putting it on a piece of paper for 24 hours.</p><p>b. When thoroughly dried, put the evidence in a pillbox or a vial and fasten it with tape.</p><p>c. Pack each sample separately.</p><p>d. Weigh the contents.</p><p>e. Mark the container with your initials, the date, and the exhibit number.</p><p>f. Collect a comparison standard.</p><p><br /></p><p>3. Powder or Solids</p><p>a. Put in a container such as a pillbox or a vial.</p><p>b. Weigh the contents.</p><p>c. Fasten the container and mark with your initials, the date, and an exhibit number.</p><p>d. Refrigerate the evidence if required. Do not attempt to add preservatives to solid food samples.</p><p>e. Collect a comparison standard.</p><p><br /></p><p>4. Tablets and Capsules</p><p>a. Put the evidence in a plastic vial or a pillbox.</p><p>b. Record the contents.</p><p>c. Fasten the container and mark with your initials, the date, and an exhibit number.</p><p>d. Collect a comparison standard. Search the refrigerator or cupboard for similar materials, which are marked. Avoid removing the samples from their original containers. Put them in sterile, clean containers and refrigerate to inhibit the growth of bacteria. Similarly, comparison standards for drugs are collected following the same procedure. Do not mix specimens in a single bag even if they were found close to each other or even if they are similar in appearance.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>EXPLOSIVE and EXPLOSION</p><p><br /></p><p>Explosive, Defined.</p><p><br /></p><p>Explosive is any substance that may cause an explosion by its sudden decomposition or combustion.</p><p><br /></p><p>It is any chemical compound or mixture that under the influence of heat, pressure, friction, or shock, undergoes a sudden chemical change or decomposition.</p><p><br /></p><p>CLASSIFICATION OF EXPLOSIVES</p><p><br /></p><p>I. According to the Velocity of the Reaction involved</p><p><br /></p><p>A. Low explosives </p><p>These are low-burning and used mainly as propellants like black and smokeless powder</p><p><br /></p><p>B. Primary and initiating explosive </p><p>This kind of explosive is extremely sensitive to detonation by heat, shock, friction, and impact. It detonates without burning, like lead oxide and mercury fulminate. This is used primarily to start an explosion.</p><p><br /></p><p>Example: Initiators, blasting caps, shock primer, and stable</p><p><br /></p><p>C. High explosives</p><p>These explosives have very fast or high detonating rates like dynamites, TNT, and Cyclonite (RDX).</p><p><br /></p><p>II. According to their Chemical structure</p><p>a. Organic explosives</p><p>b. Inorganic explosives</p><p><br /></p><p>A. Organic explosives - Nitro-containing organic compound</p><p><br /></p><p>B. Inorganic explosives – These are salt-containing explosives</p><p><br /></p><p>III. According to their application or design</p><p>a. Military explosives</p><p>b. Industrial explosives</p><p><br /></p><p>Implosion is a similar phenomenon except that the energy released is initially directed inward.</p><p><br /></p><p>Types of Explosions</p><p>a. Mechanical explosion - it is a sudden breaking apart, shattering, or bursting into pieces by internal pressure, such as those caused by the expansion of gas producing high pressure beyond the capacity of the container. Also known as pressure explosion.</p><p>b. Atomic explosion - resulting from atomic transformations.</p><p>c. Chemical explosion - a source of explosion wherein the source of energy comes from an explosive substance such as gunpowder produced through the extremely rapid transformation of the unstable substances accompanied by the formation of heat.</p><p><br /></p><p>SCENE EXAMINATION</p><p><br /></p><p>What evidence to collect</p><p>1. Formation of saucer-like crater</p><p>2. Presence of fragments and furrow lines (striation marks) ripped through grasses by flying fragments</p><p>3. Blast, suction, and fragment damage to nearby structures and vegetation</p><p>4. Characteristic smell of burned explosives closest to the crater</p><p>5. Blackening of the earth in the crater (carbon deposit)</p><p><br /></p><p>FIRE AND ARSON INVESTIGATION</p><p><br /></p><p>Fire, defined.</p><p>Fire is a chemical reaction (rapid oxidation) that produces physical effects with the evolution of heat and light. This reaction is called combustion.</p><p><br /></p><p>Fire Investigation is the comprehensive analytical approach to understanding the fundamental properties of fire by determining the chemistry of fires, fuels, and combustion. It is advantageous for an investigator and lawyer on the case if they have at least basic knowledge about the fire.</p><p><br /></p><p>Classification of Fire Investigation</p><p>1. Natural</p><p>2. Accidental</p><p>3. Unknown origin</p><p>4. Suspicious</p><p>5. Incendiary (obvious arson)</p><p><br /></p><p>Incendiary fire</p><p>This is the largest and most obvious fire investigated. The primordial intent is to destroy the property/ies of another.</p><p><br /></p><p>Arson Investigation</p><p>Under the law, arson is the malicious burning of a dwelling, house, or building of another. In all fires, there must be a cause before an effect is produced. This cause is known as combustion. Combustion is the effect of certain causes and if these causes are not present, there can be no combustion, spontaneous or otherwise.</p><p><br /></p><p>The assistance of a Forensic expert plays an important role in arson investigation.</p><p><br /></p><p>Technical Aspects of Arson Cases</p><p>Burning or combustion is the rapid oxidation of substances accompanied by the generation of heat and light. Burning occurs only when three (3) essential ingredients are present: fuel, oxygen, and heat. Obviously, to create a fire, there must be combustible materials. It may be solid, liquid, or gas. Strictly speaking, only gases burn.</p><p><br /></p><p>The solids and liquids must be heated to liberate flammable gases. The gases in turn must rise to the proper temperature before ignition occurs. Hence, there must be a presence of combustible materials to burn and a source of heat to raise the temperature of the fuel to the kindling point.</p><p><br /></p><p>Finally, there must be a supply of oxygen since burning is a process of oxidation. Oxygen may be supplied from the air or from oxidizing agents.</p><p><br /></p><p>COMBUSTION, NATURE, AND BEHAVIOR OF FIRE</p><p><br /></p><p>Combustion, defined.</p><p>Combustion is a burning reaction in which a substance combines with a gas. Heat and light are usually accompanied by combustion reactions and most of these reactions involve oxygen. </p><p><br /></p><p>Example: Hydrogen combined with oxygen will undergo rapid oxidation and produce water and heat.</p><p><br /></p><p>Two types of Combustion</p><p>1. Flaming - destructive, gaseous combustion where both the fuel and oxidizer are gases. Flaming fire is achieved when gas or vapor is continuously burning.</p><p>2. Glowing - absence of fire but presence of very hot materials on the surface of which combustion is proceeding.</p><p><br /></p><p>Two kinds of Combustion</p><p>a. Complete combustion - all of the reactants are consumed</p><p>b. Incomplete combustion - only some parts of the reactant are consumed</p><p><br /></p><p>Matter - elements, and compounds: composed of atoms combined forming molecules</p><p><br /></p><p>Air – composed of 21% oxygen and 75% Nitrogen</p><p><br /></p><p>Oxidation - is a combination of elements and compounds with oxygen-producing stable substances. Those compounds and elements that combine with oxygen and produce fire are called flammable substances and the process is called combustion.</p><p><br /></p><p>Pyrolisis - comes from the Greek words pyro (fire) and lysis (decompose); a process of decomposition of material to simpler compounds brought about by heat from a fire.</p><p><br /></p><p>Flame - is a gaseous reaction where the plume of hot gases rises by convection when air and its oxygen is maintained by solid (soot) or liquid (aerosol) in a closed room.</p><p><br /></p><p>Theoretically,</p><p>- If oxygen falls below 15%, the combustion rate decreases.</p><p>- If the temperature reaches 900-1000 degrees C, post-flashover room fires in which oxygen concentration is only 5-8%.</p><p>- If 0-5% and the temperature reaches 1000 degree C - flaming hot</p><p><br /></p><p>Laboratory Examination</p><p>1. Color test using “Sudan Black”.</p><p><br /></p><p>In this method of examination, the accelerants are allowed to evaporate and the vapors are reacted with this chemical until the pink color of the solution appears which indicates the presence of any accelerant.</p><p><br /></p><p>2. Confirmatory examination: Gas chromatography with Headspace </p><p><br /></p><p>This analytical method is used to detect the specific volatile accelerants by comparing it with known standards such as kerosene, gasoline, etc.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>TOOL MARK</p><p><br /></p><p>A tool is an instrument or object capable of making a mark on another object. </p><p><br /></p><p>A tool mark is defined as any impression, cut, scratch, gouge, abrasion, or any other marking left on an object by another hard object or instrument. A tool mark may be classified as a negative impression, as an abrasion or friction-type mark, or as a combination of the two.</p><p><br /></p><p>Negative impression - is made when a tool is pressed against or into a receiving surface. This type of mark is usually made when a crowbar is used to pry open a door or a window.</p><p><br /></p><p>An abrasion or friction mark - is made when a tool cuts into or slides across a surface. This type of mark may be made by a pair of pliers, a bolt cutter, knife, ax, saw, drill, plane, or a die used in the manufacture of wire.</p><p> </p><p>Combination mark - is made, for example, when a crowbar is forcefully inserted into the space between a door and the door facing and pressure is applied to the handle of the tool to force the door open. The forceful insertion of the crowbar produces an abrasion or friction mark and the levering action produces a negative impression.</p><p><br /></p><p>Why are tool marks important in the crime scene investigation?</p><p>Tool marks are important in crime scene investigation because you can tell what kind of tool was used, and by that, you can see if the suspect’s tools match the tool mark.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>GLASS AND GLASS FRACTURE</p><p><br /></p><p>Glass, defined.</p><p>Glass is an inorganic substance in a condition that is continuous with, and analogous to, the liquid state of that substance, but which, as the result of a reversible change in viscosity is, for all practical purposes, rigid.</p><p><br /></p><p>Glass is normally a fused mixture of silica usually in the form of natural sand and two or more alkaline bases such as soda, lime, or potash. </p><p><br /></p><p>Properties of Glass</p><p><br /></p><p>Glass fractures</p><p>Glass fractures may be caused by excessive exposure to heat or caused by impact of a blunt instrument or object, or caused by projectiles.</p><p><br /></p><p>Types of Glass fracture:</p><p>1. Radial Fractures - primary fracture resembles the spokes of a wheel where the radiating rod originates at a common point. When glass breaks, the lines that radiate from the hole are caused by the glass bending away from the point of impact. The radial fractures originate on the opposite side of the glass because this is the surface that is the first to feel the tension. As the front of the glass is pushed in, the opposite side is bent backward. When the limit of glad elasticity is reached, it breaks, with cracking resulting along the radial lines.</p><p>2. Concentric Fractures - secondary fractures have the appearance of circles around the point of impact connecting one radiating crack to the other, thus forming triangular pieces of glass. While the radial fractures are forming, triangles are created between the fractures. The newly formed triangle glass between the radial fractures also bends away from the direction of force. When the limit of elasticity for these triangles is reached, the glass breaks into concentric lines. Concentric fractures originate on the front of the glass.</p><p>3. Conchoidal Fractures - A characteristic of glass is that when it breaks, the fracture edges appear shell-like in form - that is, having elevations or depressions in the shape of a shell. The technical name for this condition is “conchoidal” fracture.</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Entrance and Exit Hole</p><p>Point of entry is where the force is being applied and it may produce a smaller hole than the exit. The exit is bigger than the entry for the reason that the force applied to the glass exceeded its desired force. The point of entry has a smooth hole while the exit hole has the characteristic of roughness.</p><p><br /></p><p>Causes of Glass Fracture</p><p>Glass fracture may be due to the following:</p><p>1. Due to Natural Means - exhibits plain wavy lines</p><p>2. Due to Mechanical Means - exhibits a regular pattern of radial/concentric fracture</p><p><br /></p><p>Factors to be determined in glass fracture</p><p><br /></p><p>A. Point of Impact:</p><p>Entrance Side</p><p>1. Concentric fracture</p><p>2. Clear cut edges</p><p>3. Absence of depression</p><p>4. Absence of flaking</p><p><br /></p><p>Exit Side</p><p>1. Radial Fracture</p><p>2. Rugged edges</p><p>3. With Depression</p><p>4. With flakings</p><p><br /></p><p>B. Position of the Shooter</p><p>1. Perpendicular Shot - exhibits an even distribution of chippings on the exit side of the glass</p><p>2. Angle from the Right - heavy flakings or chippings on the left side of the glass</p><p>3. Angle from the Left - heavy flakings on the right side of the glass</p><p><br /></p><p>C. Age of Fracture</p><p>1. Fresh Fracture - exhibits a regular pattern of radial/concentric fracture</p><p>2. Old Fracture - the presence of a short extension line at the end of the radial fracture</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>HAIR</p><p><br /></p><p>Hair is the outermost covering of the different parts of the body with the exception of the palm of the hand and the sole of the foot.</p><p><br /></p><p>Through microscopic examination, the forensic examiner will first determine if the hair samples are of animal or human origin. If the hair is of animal origin, a general determination as to species may be made, i.e., cat, dog, horse, cow, carabao, etc.</p><p><br /></p><p>In the case of human hair, the following can be determined:</p><p>1. The race of the person the hair originated from - Negroid, Mongolian, and Caucasian</p><p>2. The area of the body surface that the hair originated from - head, face, chest, axilla, and pubic region</p><p>3. How hair was removed - naturally or forcibly</p><p>4. Whether the hair was cut with a dull or sharp instrument or was crushed or burned</p><p>5. Usually examination will not permit conclusive determination of age and sex</p><p><br /></p><p>Structural Parts of the Hair</p><p>A. Inner Aspect:</p><p>1. Cuticle – the outermost part which is scale-like in appearance</p><p>2. Cortex – the innermost portion that contains the pigment</p><p>3. Medulla – the central canal of the hair</p><p><br /></p><p>B. Outer Aspect:</p><p>1. Tip - the distal end portion of the hair</p><p>2. Shaft - portion of the hair above the surface of the skull</p><p>3. Root - portion that is embedded in the skin</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>ULTRAVIOLET, FIBER, TAPE, AND PAINT</p><p><br /></p><p>Ultraviolet examination is a method of scientific examination of evidence using ultraviolet light. Documents, weapons, chemicals, minerals, petroleum products, and other items of evidence should be observed routinely under the ultraviolet lamp.</p><p><br /></p><p>Method of examination</p><p>Only suitable ultraviolet lamp and darkroom are necessary for ultraviolet examination. The room should contain adequate table space on which garments and other items to be examined may be spread. The evidence is placed under the ultraviolet lamp.</p><p><br /></p><p>FIBER </p><p>Questioned fabric may be determined if similar to known fabrics. Positive identification may be made where a questioned piece of fabric may be fitted back into the known fabrics. This type of fabric examination is based on matching broken ends of yarn together.</p><p><br /></p><p>Generally, fiber matches are not positive evidence and require substantiation with other corroborative evidence.</p><p><br /></p><p>TAPE </p><p>The examination is similar to fabric examination which generally involves the matching of the ends of pieces of tape used at the scene of a crime with the end of tape on a roll found in the possession of a suspect.</p><p><br /></p><p>The known sample is compared with the unknown and occasionally, ends may be matched or the manufacturer may be determined.</p><p><br /></p><p>PAINT</p><p>The paint specimen is examined and compared by using a microscope to determine the color, texture, layer, structure, and any unique characteristics that may serve as points of similarity or dissimilarity.</p><p><br /></p><p>Paint specimens or scraping is further analyzed using a Quarts Spectrograph to determine and compare the elemental composition of the questioned and standard.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>LIQUOR TEST(ALCOHOL DETERMINATION TEST)</p><p><br /></p><p>What is the purpose of this test?</p><p>Basically, the purpose of this test is to determine whether or not a person is intoxicated with liquor. This test is being conducted to determine the amount of ethyl alcohol present in the blood sample taken from the person suspected to have been intoxicated with alcohol.</p><p><br /></p><p>Laboratory Examination</p><p>Quantitative examination is conducted to determine the amount of ethyl alcohol (or ethanol) present in the blood.</p><p><br /></p><p>Significance of determining whether a person is intoxicated with alcohol</p><p>Intoxication as an alternative circumstance must be taken into consideration as aggravating or mitigating according to the nature and effects of the crime and the other conditions attending its commission.</p><p><br /></p><p>The intoxication of the offender shall be taken into consideration as a mitigating circumstance when the offender has committed a felony in a state of intoxication, if the same is not habitual or subsequent to the plan to commit said felony; but when the intoxication is habitual or intentional, it shall be considered as an aggravating circumstance.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>DNA ANALYSIS</p><p><br /></p><p>DNA or Deoxyribonucleic acid is a chemical substance found in all cells whose composition has been passed on from parent to their children. All cells in the body have the same DNA composition except individual egg and sperm cells.</p><p><br /></p><p>Biological evidence that can be submitted for DNA Analysis:</p><p>a) blood and bloodstains</p><p>b) semen and seminal stains</p><p>c) hairs with follicle or root</p><p>d) saliva or buccal swab</p><p>e) bones and organs</p><p>f) tissues and cells</p><p><br /></p><p>Cases where DNA Analysis can be of help:</p><p>a) Sexual assault</p><p>b) Murder</p><p>c) Homicide</p><p>d) Robbery</p><p>e) Hit and run</p><p>f) Extortion</p><p>g) Paternity case</p><p>h) Identification of remains from mass disaster cases and missing persons</p><p><br /></p><p>How DNA Analysis is used to identify with accuracy the perpetrators of crime</p><p>Human tissues such as hair strands, bloodstain, saliva, and other body tissues are often left at the crime scene. By proper collection, preservation, and examination through DNA tests of such pieces of tissues, their owner can be identified.</p><p><br /></p><p>The Supreme Court, in a recent case, has made a pronouncement on the admissibility of the DNA test result.</p><p><br /></p><p>Hair strands left by the kidnapper in cases of kidnapping, lairs, bloodstains in clothing associated with murder, saliva stains in cigarette butts, stamps, and envelopes associated with extortion, may all be used to help identify the perpetrators.</p><p><br /></p><p>How DNA Typing is done</p><p>DNA typing is done by first carefully extracting the DNA from the evidentiary samples. The DNA is then analyzed to give a particular pattern. The patterns are compared with that of a known individual to determine a match. In individual identification, the pattern obtained from the evidentiary sample is compared with that of a suspect.</p><p><br /></p><p>THE SCIENCE OF DNA TYPING</p><p>DNA, the genetic “blueprint” of life, is found in every cell of the human body which contains a nucleus. Short for “deoxyribonucleic acid”, DNA is located in chromosomes found within the nucleus of most cells.</p><p><br /></p><p>Cells that have nuclei, and therefore DNA, are found throughout the human body.</p><p><br /></p><p>Blood, sperm, hair roots, bone, teeth, organs, muscle, and other tissues all contain DNA which can be tested by forensic scientists.</p><p><br /></p><p>Body fluids in liquid or dried form, such as saliva and vagina secretions, can also be tested, in as much as these fluids normally contain cells referred to as “epithelial cells”, such as those from the lining of the mouth and vagina.</p><p><br /></p><p>The types of physiological evidence in criminal cases from which DNA can be extracted and tested are numerous.</p><p>Examples include:</p><p>a. Blood and semen stains on clothing, weapons, and other surfaces.</p><p>b. Swabs taken from victims in sexual assault cases.</p><p>c. Hairs with roots attached.</p><p>d. Other, less common, sources of DNA evidence include partially decomposed tissue and bone, teeth, and envelopes and postage stamps previously moistened with saliva.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>FORENSIC SEROLOGY AND BLOODSTAIN PATTERN ANALYSIS</p><p><br /></p><p>Serology</p><p>This term is used to describe a broad scope of laboratory tests which used specific antigen and serum antibody reactions.</p><p><br /></p><p>BLOOD</p><p>Blood refers to a highly complex mixture of cells, enzymes, proteins and inorganic substances.</p><p><br /></p><p>Significance of Blood and Bloodstains</p><p>Blood and bloodstains are very vital as evidence in crimes of violence.</p><p><br /></p><p>Two (2) Main Components of blood</p><p>1. Plasma (55% of blood content)-fluid portion of blood composed principally of water.</p><p>2. Suspended solid cells (45% of blood content)</p><p><br /></p><p>a. Red blood cells (erythrocytes)- function to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and in turn remove carbon dioxide from tissues/organ and transporting it out to the body through lungs. On the surface of these cells, millions of characteristic proteins were residing which gives blood type characteristic. These proteins were called antigens.</p><p><br /></p><p>Antigen system </p><p>More than 15 blood antigen systems have been identified. The two most common are the A-B-O system and the Rh system.</p><p><br /></p><p>b. White blood cells (leukocytes)</p><p>c. Platelets</p><p><br /></p><p>BLOOD CHARACTERIZATION</p><p><br /></p><p>Spot Test - tests for the presence of blood:</p><p>a. Benzidine test - presumptive test for the presence of blood.</p><p>b. Kastle-Meyer test - using phenolphthalein and hydrogen peroxide forming pink coloration due to the presence of peroxidase (enzyme) activity of the blood hemoglobin.</p><p>c. Luminol test - a spray reagent used to test for the presence of blood even if the blood is not visible under ordinary light. This is viewed under ultraviolet lamp.</p><p>d. Takayama test</p><p>e. Teichmann test</p><p><br /></p><p>Tests to determine whether the blood is from Man or Animal</p><p>a. Precipitin test - antigen and antibody reaction forming precipitate. This serum will form a precipitin band on the junction between the serum and human blood being tested.</p><p>b. Gel diffusion - using agar to test for human blood.</p><p>c. Electrophoresis</p><p><br /></p><p>Blood Clotting</p><p>When a protein in blood called fibrin is trapped and enmeshes red blood cells, blood clothing occurs. Removing clotted blood yields a yellowish liquid called serum. This yellow liquid contains certain proteins known as antibodies. The serum that contains antibodies is called antiserum.</p><p><br /></p><p>Antibody</p><p>Antibody is a protein that destroys or inactivates a specific antigen. Usually denotes a prefix “anti”. By principle, for every antigen, there exists a specific antibody. The reaction of the two is specific. When the two reacts, they immediately combine causing the antibody to attach itself to the cell.</p><p><br /></p><p>Two (2) antigen-antibody reactions</p><p>a. Two different antigen and antibody will not combine. Example: Anti B and A antigen.</p><p>b. Link together or agglutinate.</p><p><br /></p><p>BLOODSTAIN PATTERN</p><p>Bloodstain and patterns are useful for interpreting and reconstruction of events that occurred during bleeding.</p><p><br /></p><p>Characteristic of blood pattern:</p><p>a. Surface texture - the harder and less porous the surface, the less spatter results</p><p>b. The direction of travel of blood striking an object may be discerned by the stain’s shape. Pointed end of a blood stain always faces its direction of travel.</p><p>c. Angle of impact can be determined by measuring the degree of circular distortion of the stain.</p><p>d. Origin of blood spatter in a two dimensional configuration can be established by drawing straight lines through the long axis of several individual bloodstains. The intersection or point of convergence of the lines represents the point from which the blood emanated.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>TOXICOLOGY</p><p><br /></p><p>Toxicology is a scientific study of poisons, their nature, properties, effects and detection and the treatment in case of poisoning.</p><p><br /></p><p>Frequently, toxicological examinations are requested in cases of sudden and unexplained deaths. The internal organs and contents obtained during the medico-legal autopsy are the usual specimen submitted, as well as the suspected source of the poison such as food, drinks or medicine. If not fatal, the vomits, blood and urine of the victims are examined. In cases of mass food poisoning, identification of the poison by the laboratory is important not only in investigation but more in the treatment of the victims. Internal organs and other parts of animals (chicken, dog, cat, etc.), too, are received frequently in connection with complaints of malicious mischief.</p><p><br /></p><p>Importance of Toxicology</p><p>a. To verify if it is a case of poisoning</p><p>b. To be able to treat as the occasion demands</p><p>c. To forward justice</p><p><br /></p><p>The reason for the application of Toxicology is to determine the presence of volatile, non-volatile and metallic poisons in cases of alleged poisoning.</p><p><br /></p><p>Poison</p><p>Poison is a substance that when introduced into or absorbed by a living organism causes death or injury.</p><p><br /></p><p>Types of Poisons</p><p>1. True poison - is one that still poisons no matter how diluted it is. E.g. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN)</p><p>2. Corrosive poison - is one which by contact with it chemically produces local destruction of tissues. E.g. Nitric acid (HNO3), mercuric chloride-acid poison used as herbicides.</p><p>3. Cumulative poison - is one that increases suddenly in its intensity of action after gradual additions of it.</p><p><br /></p><p>Ex. digitalis; arsenic</p><p><br /></p><p>TYPES OF POISONING</p><p>A. Acute Poisoning - one in which there is prompt and marked disturbance of function or death within a shorter period of time and is due to:</p><p>1. Taking a strong poison</p><p>2. Excessive single dose</p><p>3. Several doses, small but frequent</p><p>B. Chronic Poisoning - kind of poisoning in which there is gradual deterioration of functions of tissues and may or may not result in death. It may be produced by:</p><p>1. Taking several small doses at long intervals</p><p>2. Taking only toxic doses of the drug</p><p><br /></p><p>Three (3) Major Case Load Areas</p><p>1. Police Cases - toxicological aspect of criminal investigations</p><p>2. Postmortem cases - analytical studies in support of the medical examiner to determine the cause of death</p><p>3. Drug abuse cases - resulting from the illegal use of drugs.</p><p><br /></p><p>Evidence of Poisoning</p><p>1. Circumstantial or moral evidence </p><p>Circumstantial or moral evidence is an evidence deduced from occurrence of facts or circumstances. Ex.- motives for poisoning, purchasing the poison; keeping the materials used. This is not strong evidence.</p><p>2. Symptomatic evidence </p><p>This includes the symptoms observed during the poisoning. This is not conclusive because some diseases may show similar symptoms as those of poisoning</p><p><br /></p><p>Ex. arsenic poisoning is like cholera; alcoholic coma may stimulate diabetic coma.</p><p><br /></p><p>3. Chemical evidence </p><p>This is evidence obtained by chemical analysis of the suspected substance or the vomit or secretion of the body. This alone is not reliable because the poison may be decomposed or changed or it may have been replaced after death.</p><p>4. Postmortem evidence </p><p>This evidence is obtained from an examination of the tissues and organs after death. There are many poisons, however, that do not produce characteristic findings. Also, the findings may be like those produced by diseases.</p><p>5. Experimental evidence </p><p>Experimental evidence is obtained by administering the suspected substance to some living animal and noting the effect or symptoms. This alone is also not conclusive because the tolerance may not be the same as in man.</p><p><br /></p><p>Methods of Examination</p><p>The examination may be divided in two (2) stages, namely, isolation and identification.</p><p>1. Isolation</p><p>When the submitted specimen is in pure form, the poison must first be isolated. This procedure does not only limit the search to a manageable class of poisons but also reduces the interference from other substances that may occur during the identification stage. Thus, poison may be classified according to their method of isolation as volatile poisons, non-volatile poisons, and metallic poisons.</p><p>a. Volatile poisons - isolated by extraction with alcohol and chloroform</p><p>b. Non-volatile poisons - isolated by extraction with organic solvents such as strychnine and other alkaloids</p><p>c. Metallic poisons - these are poisons such as arsenic, mercury and lead</p><p>d. Other substances requiring special methods of isolation like corrosive acids</p><p>2. Identification</p><p>1. Preliminary tests</p><p>2. Confirmatory tests (modern instruments like the infrared (FT-IR)spectrophotometer and gas chromatograph (GC) can be used in the confirmatory test.</p><p><br /></p><p>History of Modern Toxicology</p><p>Paracelsus - (16th Century) German Swiss physician/alchemist; first stressed the chemical nature of poison and its action by experimentation. He introduced dose concept.</p><p><br /></p><p>Prof. Matthieu Orfila - (19th Century) attending physician to Louis XVIII; correlated chemistry of toxins with the biological effects it produces in a poisoned individual.</p><p><br /></p><p>CLASSIFICATION OF POISONS</p><p><br /></p><p>A. Classification based on Origin</p><p>1. Animal/Toxin – a poison produced by livingorganism stimulating antibodies. Usually transferredthrough bites and stings of venomous terrestrial ormarine animals.</p><p>2. Vegetable – Poison Ivy and Jimsonweed plants</p><p>3. Mineral – Hydrochloric Acid, caustic alkali</p><p>4. Microbial – Produced by microscopic organisms Ex.bacteria, fungi </p><p>5. Synthetic - Manufactured by Chemists such as drugs, pesticides as well as chemical purified from natural sources such as metals from ores and solvents from gasoline.</p><p><br /></p><p>B. According to chemical properties</p><p>1. Volatile Poisons - poisonous compounds that can be isolated using steam distillation and analyzed using Gas Chromatography with thermal head attached on it. Ex: (acidic medium) cyanide, ethanol, methanol, nitrobenzene</p><p>2. Non-volatile Poisons - most drugs are non-volatile</p><p>3. Anions</p><p>4. Metallic</p><p>5. Miscellaneous (e.g. Pesticides)</p><p><br /></p><p>C. Classification based on Physical Form or Property</p><p>1. Solid - not well absorbed into the blood, they must be dissolved in aqueous liquid lining the intestinal tract if ingested or respiratory tract if inhaled.</p><p>2. Liquid</p><p>3. Gas</p><p>4. Vapor</p><p>5. Aerosol</p><p><br /></p><p>D. According to action (Physiological)</p><p>1. Irritants - by direct contact, this poison inflames the mucous membrane or the parts it comes in contact with resulting to nausea, vomiting, pain, and diarrhea. </p><p><br /></p><p>Ex. Bromine </p><p>True Irritants - Bromine, Chloride, Cotton Oil</p><p><br /></p><p>2. Corrosives – by direct contact, chemically produces local destruction of tissues.</p><p><br /></p><p>Ex: Phenol, HCl, HNO3 , Caustic Soda (NaOH)</p><p><br /></p><p>3. Neurotics - those that affect the central nervous system </p><p>a. Cerebral Neurotics: Narcotics - inducing drowsiness, sleep stupor, complete or incomplete insensibility or loss of feeling. </p><p>Ex: alcohol, opium, tobacco</p><p>b. Spinal Neurotics: Tetanics - a poison that act on the spinal cord producing spasmodic or continuous contractions of muscles resulting in stiffness of the parts to which they are attached.</p><p>Ex: Strychnine, Picrotoxin</p><p>c. Cerebrospinal Neurotics</p><p>a. Deliriants - are poisons that act on the brain causing disorder of mental functions resulting to confusion of free will.</p><p>Ex: cannabis indica, cocaine</p><p>b. Depressants - a substance that depress or retard the physiological action of an organ.</p><p>Ex: Antipyrine, lobella</p><p><br /></p><p>4. Aesthetics/Exhaustive - poisons that cause marked loss of vital or muscular power or general weakness.</p><p>Ex: Aconite, KCN, Digitalis</p><p><br /></p><p>According to their effects on the body/target sites</p><p>1. Those which cause local destruction (skin) - phenol, HCl</p><p>2. Blood Poisons - Carbon Monoxide (CO), Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN)</p><p>3. Nervous Poisons (nervous system) </p><p>4. Cardiac Poisons (Cardiovascular System) - stop the heart beat e.g Digitalis, antipyrine</p><p><br /></p><p>Solubility of the Drugs</p><p>In order for a substance to act as poison, it must be capable of forming solution and readily absorbed by the blood. Barium Chloride, which is readily soluble, is extremely toxic while Barium Sulfate is not because it is insoluble.</p><p><br /></p><p>Dose </p><p>As a rule, the greater the size the greater the effect. This is not always true. Arsenic in large doses irritates the stomach causing vomiting and prompt ejection of the poison so that few or no symptoms result. In small doses absorption occurs and produces fatal effect.</p><p><br /></p><p>The Physical State or Form of Poison </p><p>A poison is more rapidly absorbed when it is in gaseous state than in solid or liquid form. Also the solvent containing the poison exerts a marked effect upon its action. Thus, between alcoholic, watery or oily solution, the first is more rapidly absorbed.</p><p><br /></p><p>Dilution </p><p>Generally, when a poison is diluted, the absorption is rapid, thus, resulting to intense toxic effects. An exception to this is in the case of corrosive poisons. Corrosive poisons produce less toxic effect when diluted.</p><p><br /></p><p>Mode of Administration </p><p>Basically, poison is more rapidly absorbed when injected in the veins than when taken orally. The intravenous route produces more rapid effects.</p><p><br /></p><p>Association with other Poisons</p><p>Association with other kinds of poisons may increasethe toxic effect. For instance, morphine and chloral together has greater effect than alone. </p><p>Also where the blood supply is greater such as in muscles, absorption is more rapid. Hence, absorption is more rapid in muscles than in skin. Food in the stomach may delay absorption or reacts with the poison.</p><p><br /></p><p>Entrance and Elimination of Poisons</p><p><br /></p><p>Poison may enter the body through:</p><p>Mouth </p><p>Skin </p><p>Nose and Eyes</p><p>Rectum and Vagina </p><p>Hypodermically </p><p>Intravenously </p><p><br /></p><p>They may be eliminated by:</p><p>Emesis</p><p>Respiration</p><p>Feces</p><p>Urine</p><p>Milk</p><p>Sweat, Saliva and Tears</p><p><br /></p><p>POSOLOGY</p><p>Posology is a science which deals with the study of the dosage of medicine to be administered within a certain period.</p><p><br /></p><p>Medicine</p><p>Medicine is any substance which can be administered to correct or alleviate the disease or disordered state of the system.</p><p><br /></p><p>Dose</p><p>Dose is the quantity of medicine to be administered at one time.</p><p><br /></p><p>The dosage concept is important. Whether a drug acts as a therapy or poison, it will depend on the dose. Even water is poisonous if too much is ingested.</p><p><br /></p><p>Types of Dose</p><p>Safe Dose is one that does not cause harmful effects. Sometimes, however, it may be too small to produce the desired effects.</p><p><br /></p><p>Minimum Dose is the smallest amount of medicine that can produce the desired therapeutic effect without causing harm.</p><p><br /></p><p>Maximum Dose is the largest amount that will cause no injury but at the same time produce the desired therapeutic effects.</p><p><br /></p><p>Toxic or Poisonous Dose is one that is harmful both to the healthy and the sick.</p><p><br /></p><p>Lethal or Fatal Dose is the dose that kills.</p><p><br /></p><p>Antidotes</p><p>Antidote is any agent that neutralizesa poison or otherwise counteracts or opposes its effects.</p><p><br /></p><p>Physiological antidote, symptomatic (antagonist) is an agent that acts upon the system so as to counteract the effects of the poison. E.g. (chloral for strychnine convulsions)</p><p><br /></p><p>Emetics - is an agent that causes vomiting.</p><p><br /></p><p>Cathartic - is an agent that produces intestinal evacuation.</p><p><br /></p><p>Uses of Cathartics:</p><p>1. To remove the compound that is formed by the action of the chemical antidote.</p><p>2. To hasten elimination of poison.</p><p><br /></p><p>Demulcent - is an agent that forms a protective film; soothes and protects the parts where demulcent is applied.</p><p><br /></p><p>Precipitants - are substances that prevent absorption of poisons by precipitating them and rendering them insoluble.</p><p><br /></p><p>Causes of Death in Poisoning</p><p>1. Cardiac failure</p><p>2. Respiratory failure</p><p>3. General devitalizing</p><p>4. Shock to the nervous system </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>SCENE OF THE CRIME OPERATION (SOCO)</p><p>Crime Scene, defined.</p><p>Crime scene is an area or vicinity of occurrence of physical evidence.</p><p><br /></p><p>What Constitute a Crime Scene?</p><p>The crime scene can be understood to include all areas in which the criminal, any possible victim, and any eye witnesses moved during the time the crime was committed.</p><p><br /></p><p>In some crimes, however, the crime scene may actually comprise several different sites.</p><p><br /></p><p>Illustrative case:</p><p>One evening, a young girl was forcibly abducted from her bedroom. She was then transported by car to a small hut in an isolated place. Then and there, she was willfully, feloniously and intentionally sexually assaulted.</p><p><br /></p><p>Subsequently, the abductor shot her to death and then the former carried the body into the woods where he buried it in a shallow grave.</p><p><br /></p><p>What are the locations in the given example that constitute the crime scene?</p><p>1. Bedroom</p><p>2. Car</p><p>3. Small hut</p><p>4. Area around the grave</p><p><br /></p><p>Crime Scene Investigation, defined.</p><p>It is the conduct of processes, more particularly the recognition, search, handling, preservation and documentation of physical evidence to include the identification and interview of witnesses and the arrest of suspect/s at the crime scene.</p><p><br /></p><p>First Responder</p><p>First responder is any police officer who first arrives at the crime scene and shall endeavor to protect and secure the crime scene. The first responder must be able to properly preserve the crime scene in order to get maximum scientifici nformation that will help in the successful prosecution of the perpetrator of the crime.</p><p><br /></p><p>The first responder must do the following upon arrival at the crime scene:</p><p>a. Cordon off the crime scene with whatever available materials like police line, if available, or ropes, straws or human barricade;</p><p>b. Evacuate injured persons to the nearest hospital;</p><p>c. Prepare to take the “dying declaration” of severely injured person, if any;</p><p>d. Prevent entry/exit of persons within the cordonedarea; and</p><p>e. Prepare to brief the investigators of the situation upon their arrival.</p><p><br /></p><p>Crime Scene Analysis or Crime Scene Response</p><p>Crime scene analysis or crime scene response is much more than processing (searching) and documenting (notes, photos, sketches), and certainly more than packaging (collecting) and tagging (preserving evidence).</p><p><br /></p><p>Crime scene analysis is a slow, methodical, systematic, and orderly process of collecting physical evidence based on proper recognition and collection to be processed in the laboratory by forensic examiner to uncover significant clues from them.</p><p><br /></p><p>Crime laboratories do not solve crimes; only a thorough and competent investigation conducted by professional police officers enhances chances for the successful outcome of a criminal investigation. If the investigator cannot recognize or preserve physical evidence, no sophisticated machine in the laboratory or technical expertise can save the situation.</p><p><br /></p><p>It must be noted that in the crime scene, proper crime scene processing based on scientific method of investigation must be made for the identification and successful prosecution of the person responsible for the commission of a crime.</p><p><br /></p><p>The following are the lists of physical evidence which will most likely yield significant results upon examination:</p><p>1. Blood, semen and saliva (liquid or dried, animal orhuman)</p><p>2. Documents (written and typed) - paper, ink, indented writings, obliterations and burned or charred documents</p><p>3. Drugs</p><p>4. Explosives (any object that contain an explosive residue)</p><p>5. Hairs and Fibers</p><p>6. Fingerprints (latent and visible)</p><p>7. Firearms and Ammunition</p><p>8. Glass particles or fragments that may have been transferred to person or object involved in a crime.</p><p>9. Impressions (shoe prints, depressions in soils and other tracks, glove and fabric impression, and bitemark)</p><p><br /></p><p>Cases Falling Under the SOCO Category</p><p>a) Murder</p><p>b) Homicide</p><p>c) Rape with Homicide</p><p>d) Arson</p><p>e) Robbery with Homicide</p><p>f) Other heinous/sensational cases as directed by higher headquarters and other cases where SOCO assistance is necessary</p><p><br /></p><p>Composition of SOCO Team</p><p>a) Team Leader</p><p>b) Driver/Evidence Custodian</p><p>c) SOCO Specialists/Technicians</p><p>a. Health officer</p><p>b. Crime photographer</p><p>c. Sketcher/Measurer</p><p>d. Forensic chemical officer</p><p><br /></p><p>Basic SOCO Equipment / Materials</p><p>1. Police Line</p><p>2. Measuring device e.g. ruler and measuring tape</p><p>3. Recording materials e.g. chalk, notebook, sketching and paper pad, pencils, Pentel pens, permanent ink marker, and coupon bond</p><p>4. SLR camera with film</p><p>5. Video camera</p><p>6. Tape recorder</p><p>7. Evidence collection kit</p><p>8. Compass</p><p>9. Searchlight with battery charger</p><p>10. Evidence tags/markers</p><p>11. First Aid kit </p><p>12. Paper bags (all sizes)</p><p>13. Stylus</p><p>14. Vernier Caliper</p><p>15. Micrometer</p><p>16. Paraffin wax</p><p>17. SOCO forms and Crime Lab request form</p><p>18. Gloves</p><p>19. Gauze</p><p>20. Fingerprint card</p><p>21. Black and White latent lifting card</p><p>22. Eraser</p><p>23. Stapler with extra staple wire</p><p>24. Kit board</p><p><br /></p><p>SOCO Tools</p><p>1. Flashlight</p><p>2. Scissors</p><p>3. Knife (heavy duty and folding)</p><p>4. Rulers and measuring tapes</p><p>5. Adjustable wrench</p><p>6. Pliers</p><p>7. Wire cutter</p><p>8. Complete screwdriver set</p><p>9. Saw</p><p>10. Hammer</p><p>11. Ax or hatchet</p><p>12. Shovel</p><p>13. Fingerprint magnifier</p><p>14. Nylon brush</p><p>15. Magnet</p><p>16. Spatula</p><p>17. Box of plaster of Paris for the casting of lifting</p><p>18. Goggles</p><p>19. Sitting screen</p><p>20. Funnel (different sizes)</p><p>21. Scalpels</p><p>22. Ladder</p><p><br /></p><p>Preparation</p><p>Basic Equipment</p><p>1. Police line</p><p>2. Marker</p><p>3. Camera with film</p><p>4. Evidence collection kit</p><p>5. Video camera & tape recorder</p><p>6. Measuring device e.g. ruler and measuring tape</p><p>7. Flashlights, hand gloves, masks, eye goggles, hair net</p><p>8. Recording materials e.g. chalk bond paper, pencil, clipboard, Pentel pens</p><p><br /></p><p>Evidence Containers</p><p>1. Glass vials</p><p>2. Absorbent cotton</p><p>3. Cardboard boxes</p><p>4. Paper bags, plastic bags</p><p>5. String tags – large and small</p><p>6. Plastic gallons, bottles (small and large)</p><p>7. Evidence tape of masking/scotch tape</p><p><br /></p><p>Approaching the Crime Scene:</p><p>Be alert</p><p>Make pertinent notes as to possible entry and exit points of the perpetrator.</p><p><br /></p><p>Crime Scene Investigation Proper</p><p>The following are the procedures in the crime scene investigation:</p><p>a. Receipt of briefing and designation of command post </p><p>The Team Leader upon arrival at the crime scene receives the briefing from the first responder and shall immediately designate a command post.</p><p><br /></p><p>Command Post - is an area that is ideally located adjacent to the crime scene where the CSI evidence custodian stays and receives the pieces of evidence turned over to him for safekeeping by the other evidence collectors.</p><p><br /></p><p>b. Initiation of Preliminary Survey</p><p>The Team Leader makes a general assessment of the scene, takes a cautious walk-through of the crime scene, takes down extensive notes to document important factors, and establishes the evidence most likely to be encountered. He then defines the extent of the search area determines the personnel and equipment needed, and makes specific assignments. From his assessments, he develops a general theory of the crime scene.</p><p>c. Preparation of Narrative Report</p><p>The Team Leader uses the systematic approach in making a narrative report.</p><p>d. Documentation of the Crime Scene</p><p>The photographer should begin taking photographs as soon as possible. The taking of photographs of the crime scene must be from general to specific areas. The evidence collectors should not touch or move any evidence where it is originally located until it has been identified, photographed, sketched, measured, and recorded.</p><p>e. Crime Scene Sketches</p><p>A rough sketch should be prepared indicating the actual measurement of things with scale and proportion observed and oriented to the North Pole. All necessary information should be placed in the sketch.</p><p>f. Detailed Search</p><p>The search for physical evidence must be done using the accepted methods of search depending upon the actual location to be searched.</p><p>g. Collection of Physical Evidence</p><p>The competence to recognize and properly collect physical evidence is critical to both solving and prosecuting crimes. The Team Leader should be informed always of the significant evidence located. It must be noted that the evidence collector should put his initial, location, and date of collection on the item and turn it over to the evidence custodian for documentation and safekeeping. </p><p>h. Conduct of Final Survey</p><p>The Team Leader shall make a final review of the crime scene to determine whether or not the processing has been completed.</p><p>i. Release of the Crime Scene</p><p>The release of the crime scene shall be done if the investigator is satisfied that all pieces of evidence have been recovered. Hence, the investigator must evaluate the items recovered from the results of the interrogation of the suspect/s and the interview of the witnesses. It must be noted that upon formal release of the crime scene to the proper authority, a warrant is already required for his re-entry to the crime scene.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Crime Scene Photography</p><p>The purpose of taking photographs of the crime scene is to create an accurate objective visual record of the crime scene before any physical evidence is moved or removed from its original location.</p><p><br /></p><p>Guidelines for taking photographs of a Crime Scene</p><p><br /></p><p>During the conduct of the crime scene operation, it is basic that photographs of a crime scene should be taken as soon as possible before the start of note-taking, sketching, and searching for physical evidence.</p><p><br /></p><p>It must be noted that the photographs should illustrate the original, uncontaminated condition of the crime scene. </p><p><br /></p><p>Photographs should be taken of the crime scene only. No investigator or any police personnel should be photographed at the crime scene. The photographs must form an organized sequence and show all relevant locations and objects. The crime scene photographs must progress from general to specific.</p><p><br /></p><p>Crime Scene Sketches </p><p>Sketches are useful in questioning suspects and witnesses as well as in writing investigative reports.</p><p><br /></p><p>A rough sketch must be made indicating the actual measurement of things with scale and proportion observed and oriented to the North Pole. All necessary information must be placed in the sketch.</p><p><br /></p><p>Sketches are excellent companions to photograph. Where photographs provide exact details, sketches give accurate information about the placement of objects and they show relationships and distances between things.</p><p><br /></p><p>Note-Taking</p><p>Note-taking must be a constant activity throughout the processing of the crime scene.</p><p><br /></p><p>Notes must include:</p><p>a. Detailed written description of the Crime Scene with locations of physical evidence received.</p><p>b. The time when the physical evidence was discovered.</p><p>c. The person who discovered and collected the physical evidence.</p><p>d. How the evidence was packaged and marked.</p><p>e. The disposition of the item when it was collected.</p><p><br /></p><p>Documentation</p><p>Documentation is made by the crime scene investigator for purposes of future crime scene reconstruction which will help the prosecutor and the judge understand conditions at the crime scene.</p><p><br /></p><p>CRIME SCENE SEARCH</p><p>The search for physical evidence is done using the accepted methods of search depending on the actual location to be searched.</p><p><br /></p><p>The crime scene search could only be started after the crime scene had been photographed and sketched.</p><p><br /></p><p>The primary duty of the SOCO Team Leader upon arrival at the crime scene is to make proper coordination with the investigator-on-case or the officer-in-charge. The purpose of coordination is to secure the approval of the investigator before the SOCO assumes control of the crime scene. The team may proceed with the processing after conducting the general survey and after establishing a common approach path.</p><p><br /></p><p>As every crime scene is unique, the employment of each method of search depends on the physical nature of the scene and the kind of offense involved. Each approach varies as the situation dictates. For purposes of the scene of crime operation or crime scene processing, the following methods may be employed:</p><p><br /></p><p>1. QUADRANT OR ZONE SEARCH METHOD</p><p>In this method, one searcher is assigned to a quadrant. Then each quadrant is cut into another set of quadrants.</p><p><br /></p><p>2. STRIP OR LINE SEARCH METHOD</p><p>In this method, the area is blocked out in the form of a rectangle. The searcher proceeds slowly at the same pace along a path parallel to one side of the rectangle. When a piece of evidence is found, the finder announces his discovery and the search must stop until the evidence has been cared for. A photographer is called, if necessary. The evidence is collected and tagged and the search proceeds at the given signal. At the end of the rectangle, the searcher turns and proceeds along new lanes as shown in the above illustration.</p><p><br /></p><p>3. SPIRAL SEARCH METHOD</p><p>In this method, the searchers follow each other along the path of a spiral, beginning on the outside and spiraling towards the center.</p><p><br /></p><p>4. GRID OR DOUBLE STRIP SEARCH METHOD</p><p>The grid or double strip method of search is a modification of the strip search method. Here, the rectangle is traversed first parallel to the base and then parallel to the side.</p><p><br /></p><p>5. WHEEL SEARCH METHOD</p><p>In this method of search, the area is considered to be approximately circular. The searchers gather at the center and proceed outward along radii or spokes. The procedure should be repeated several times depending on the size of the circle and the number or searchers. One shortcoming of this method is the great increase in the area to be observed as the searcher departs from the center. Another is the possibility of evidence contamination or destruction with the likelihood that the searchers will step on them as they converge at the center. </p><p><br /></p><p>Purpose of a Crime Scene Search</p><p>a. To systematically look for physical evidence that may prove useful in establishing that a crime has been committed.</p><p>b. To determine what method of operation the perpetrator may have used.</p><p><br /></p><p>Related: </p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2014/10/questioned-document-examination-reviewer.html">Questioned Documents</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/p/criminalistics-review-questions.html">Criminalistics Review Questions (Forensic Science)</a></li></ul><p></p>Bigwashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12735618787771477107noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69990257539071669.post-59906884410748136632024-01-18T13:23:00.000-08:002024-01-18T13:23:04.287-08:00Criminology Schools Qualified To Offer Refresher Course<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSO9hUupA4hkDOvTxU9hg1N699MRLyzDR3KLL-oUHg9O39481T2V1XUxglVt_4B04HpURTFzRqTk-OE1Q-KE7I0WnzvjvmGPX-_BfKZdMhG4z9AFn_TbYNUaBdBnGmyuZu7OAK_2KRGHLVjScFPOjKJvoV9LrDt3wRt3TLYiIcrQKOWXswMyoWRRDgdMo/s680/criminology-schools-qualified-to-offer-refresher-course.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Criminology Schools Qualified To Offer Refresher Course" border="0" data-original-height="680" data-original-width="680" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSO9hUupA4hkDOvTxU9hg1N699MRLyzDR3KLL-oUHg9O39481T2V1XUxglVt_4B04HpURTFzRqTk-OE1Q-KE7I0WnzvjvmGPX-_BfKZdMhG4z9AFn_TbYNUaBdBnGmyuZu7OAK_2KRGHLVjScFPOjKJvoV9LrDt3wRt3TLYiIcrQKOWXswMyoWRRDgdMo/w320-h320/criminology-schools-qualified-to-offer-refresher-course.webp" title="Criminology Schools Qualified To Offer Refresher Course" width="320" /></a></div><br /> <p></p><p>Criminology Schools Qualified To Offer Refresher Course</p><p><br /></p><p>This Refresher Program for Criminology was created in response to the Philippine Criminology Profession Act of 2018 requirement for exam takers who failed the Licensure Examination for Criminologists (LEC) five times to complete a refresher course in criminology.</p><p><br /></p><p>List Of Accredited Criminology Schools Qualified To Offer Refresher Course</p><p><br /></p><p>Cagayan de Oro College </p><p>Naga College Foundation, Inc </p><p>Holy Trinity College of General Santos City</p><p>De La SalleUnivesity - Dasmarinas</p><p>Misamis University</p><p>University of Mindanao</p><p>St. Ferdinand College</p><p>Metro Manila College</p><p>Cordillera Career Development College</p><p>University of Baguio</p><p>Lipa City Colleges</p><p>University of Negros Occidental - Recoletos</p><p>Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges</p><p>Colegio de Kidapawan</p><p>Tarlac State University</p><p>Liceo de Cagayan University</p><p>University of the Cordilleras</p><p><br /></p><p>The enrollee must provide the following document:</p><p><br /></p><p>Official Transcript of Records</p><p>Result of the last Licensure Examination for Criminology</p><p><br /></p><p>A Certificate of Completion of the program will be issued by the HEI (Higher Education Institution) through the University Registrar and duly attested by the Dean of the Criminology Program. The certification is valid for two (2) years upon issuance and can only be used for two (2) successive licensure examinations.</p><p><br /></p><p>You may want to read:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2014/12/criminology-board-exam-coverage.html">Criminology Board Exam Coverage</a></li></ul><p></p><div><br /></div>Bigwashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12735618787771477107noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69990257539071669.post-18419033973915067512023-09-17T04:16:00.026-07:002023-11-14T02:31:59.079-08:00Therapeutic Modalities Reviewer<p><b>Therapeutic Modalities Reviewer</b></p><p><br /></p><p><i>Syllabi/Table of Specifications</i></p><p><i><br /></i></p><p><i>The registered criminologist can perform the competencies under the following sub-topics:</i></p><p><i>1. Explain, apply, and critique the rehabilitation and reformation programs of the BJMP, Provincial Jails, BUCOR, and other similar facilities.</i></p><p><i>2. Explain, apply, and critique the re-integration programs of the PDLs of BJMP, Provincial Jails, BUCOR, and other similar facilities to the community, and the relevant community policies and laws on former PDLs. </i></p><p><i>3. Critique and design rehabilitation programs, reintegration programs, and promotion of human rights programs among the PDLs across all institutions. </i></p><p><br /></p><p>Corrections in the Philippine Setting</p><p><br /></p><p>CORRECTIONS - is the fourth pillar of the Criminal Justice System composed of two major and equally significant components:</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Institution-Based Corrections (Institutional Corrections); and</p><p>2. Community-Based Corrections (Non-Institutional Corrections).</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>The three executive departments of the government. (Implementation)</p><p><br /></p><p>1. DOJ - manages the national prisoners</p><p><br /></p><p>A. Bureau of Corrections (BUCOR) - with a principal task of the rehabilitation of prisoners so they can become useful members of society upon completion of their service of sentence.</p><p><br /></p><p>B. Board of Pardons and Parole (BPP) - recommends to the President the prisoners who are qualified for parole, pardon, or other forms of executive clemency in the form of reprieve, commutation of sentence, conditional pardon, and absolute pardon.</p><p><br /></p><p>C. Parole and Probation Administration (PPA) - conducts post-sentence investigation of petitioners for probation as referred by the courts, as well as pre-parole/pre-executive clemency investigation to determine the suitability of the offender to be reintegrated in the community instead of serving their sentence inside an institution or prison; exercise general supervision over all parolees and probationers and promotes the correction and rehabilitation of offenders outside the prison institution</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>2. DILG - manages inmates who are undergoing investigation, awaiting or undergoing trial, awaiting final judgment, and those who are convicted by imprisonment of up to three (3) years.</p><p><br /></p><p>A. Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) has jurisdiction over all municipal, city, and district jails nationwide.</p><p><br /></p><p>B. Provincial Local Government Unit operates all provincial jails.</p><p><br /></p><p>C. Philippine National Police (PNP) likewise maintains detention facilities in its different police stations nationwide.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>3. DSWD - manages sentenced youth offenders. </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Philippine Prison System</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Bureau of Corrections - under the administration of the Department of Justice - It was renamed from Bureau of Prisons by Executive Order 292 passed during the Aquino administration. It states that the head of the Bureau of Correction is the Director of Prisons who is appointed by the President of the Philippines with the confirmation of the Commission on Appointment.</p><p><br /></p><p>National Prison/Insular Prison</p><p>1. Bureau of Prisons/Corrections-Muntinlupa City</p><p>A. NBP - Maximum Security Prison</p><p>B. Camp Sampaguita - Medium Security Prison</p><p>C. Camp Bukang Liwayway - Minimum Security Prison</p><p><br /></p><p>2. Reception and Diagnostic Center (RDC)</p><p><br /></p><p>3. Correctional Institution for Women (CIW) - Mandaluyong City</p><p><br /></p><p>4. Penal Colonies:</p><p>a. Iwahig Prison and Penal farm in Palawan</p><p>b. Davao Prison and Penal farm in Davao del Norte</p><p>c. San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm in Zamboanga City</p><p>d. Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm in Occidental Mindoro.</p><p>e. Leyte Regional Prison in Abuyog Leyte.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Standard on Treatment and Rehabilitation of Prisoners/Inmate/PDL</p><p><br /></p><p>A. Safety and Orderly </p><p><br /></p><p>Security – it involves safety measures to maintain orderliness and discipline within the jail or prison.</p><p><br /></p><p>Prison Discipline – It is the state of good order and behavior. It includes maintenance of good standards of work, sanitation, safety, education, health, and recreation. It aims at self-reliance, self-control, self-respect, and self-discipline. </p><p><br /></p><p>Preventive Discipline – is the prompt correction of minor deviations committed by prisoners before they become serious violations. </p><p><br /></p><p>Control – It involves the supervision of prisoners to ensure punctual and orderly movement from one place work program or assignment to another.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Aims of Institutional Security and Control</p><p>1. Prevention of Escapes</p><p>2. Control of Contrabands</p><p>3. Maintenance of good order.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Essential Requisites for Sound Custody, Security and Control</p><p>1. Adequate system of classification of prisoners</p><p>2. Regular inspections </p><p>3. Adequate system of counting </p><p>4. Set of rules of control and safety precautions</p><p>5. Plan for the control of contraband and equipment</p><p>6. Keying system</p><p>7. Emergency plans</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Custody – is the guarding or penal safekeeping, it involves security measures to ensure security and control within the prison. The Prison Custodial Division carries it out. The Prison Custodial Division is charged of all matters pertaining to the custody of the Prisoners and the security of the institution. </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Disciplinary Board</p><p><br /></p><p>The board is tasked to implement discipline inside the jails just in case there are violations of existing rules and policies.</p><p><br /></p><p>Composition:</p><p>- Chairman - assistant warden</p><p>- Members - chief security officer, medical/ public health officer, social worker/rehabilitation officer.</p><p><br /></p><p>Functions of the Disciplinary Board</p><p><br /></p><p>The Warden tasks the Board to investigate the facts regarding the alleged misconduct referred to it. It holds sessions as often as necessary misconduct referred to it. It holds sessions as often as necessary in a room that may be provided for the purpose. All cases referred to it must be heard and decided within 48 hours from the date of the receipt of the case.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>The board is tasked to investigate the facts of the alleged misconduct referred to it by the warden:</p><p><br /></p><p>Authorized Disciplinary Penalties:</p><p>- Reprimand</p><p>- Temporary or permanent cancellation of some or all recreational privileges </p><p>- Cancellation of visiting privileges</p><p>- Extra fatigue duty for sentenced inmates only </p><p>- Closed confinement </p><p>- Transfer to another facility with court coordination</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Limitation of Punishment</p><p>- No female inmate is subjected to any disciplinary punishment which might affect her unborn or nursing child</p><p>- No impaired or handicapped inmates shall be meted out with punishment, corporal and inhuman punishment is prohibited</p><p>- Medical examination is required when solitary or extra fatigue punishment is imposed</p><p>- Jail physician may recommend termination of punishment on grounds of physical or mental health</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Procedure in Hearing Disciplinary Cases</p><p><br /></p><p>- The aggrieved inmate shall inform any member of the custodial force of the violation, the letter in turn, officially reports the matter to the desk officer. If one of the employees knows of the violation committed by the inmate, a brief description of the circumstances surrounding or leading to the reported violation and all facts relative to the case shall be made.</p><p><br /></p><p>- The desk officer shall simultaneously inform the warden station/ substation commander, as the case may be, and shall immediately cause the investigation. He shall submit to the warden his report together with his recommendations.</p><p><br /></p><p>- The warden shall evaluate the report and if he believes that there is no sufficient evidence to support the alleged violation, he shall dismiss the case. If he believes there exists sufficient evidence, he shall decide the case and impose the necessary penalty in case of a minor violation. If the case is less grave or grave, he shall endorse it to the board for a hearing or decide it himself as a summary disciplinary officer if there is no disciplinary board.</p><p><br /></p><p>The inmate shall be confronted with the reported violation and asked how he pleads to the charge. If he admits the violation or pleads guilty, the board shall impose the corresponding punishment.</p><p><br /></p><p>- If the inmate denies the charge, the hearing shall commence with the presentation of evidence and other witnesses by the desk officer. The inmate shall then be given the opportunity to defend himself by his testimony and those of his witnesses, if any, and to present other evidence to prove his innocence.</p><p><br /></p><p>- After the hearing, the board shall decide the case on the merits.</p><p><br /></p><p>- Whether the inmate is found guilty or not, he should be advised to obey rules and regulations strictly and reminded that good behavior is indispensable for his early release and or the granting of privileges.</p><p><br /></p><p>- The decision of the board/ summary disciplinary officer is subject to the review and approval by the warden and/or the higher authority. The inmate may request a review and approval by the and/or the higher authority. The inmate may request a review of the findings of the board and the propriety of the penalty to the central office, BJMP decision shall be final.</p><p><br /></p><p>Punishable Acts inside the Jail:</p><p><br /></p><p>Minor Offenses:</p><p>- selling or bartering with fellow inmates items not classified as contraband.</p><p>- rendering personal services to fellow inmates.</p><p>- Untidy or dirty in his personal appearance.</p><p>- Littering or failing to maintain cleanliness and orderliness in his quarter and/or surroundings.</p><p>- Making frivolous or groundless complaints</p><p>- Taking the cudgels or reporting complaints</p><p>- Late reporting to duty without jurisdiction reason; and</p><p>- Willful waste of food.</p><p><br /></p><p>Less Grave Offense:</p><p>- Failure to report for work details without sufficient justification.</p><p>- Failure to render assistance to injured personnel or inmates.</p><p>- Failure to assist in the putting out of fire inside the jail.</p><p>- Acting boisterously during religious, social, and other group functions.</p><p>- Swearing, cursing, or using profane language directed personally toward other people.</p><p>- Malingering or reporting as sick to escape work assignment.</p><p>- Spreading rumors or maliciously intriguing against the honor of any persons, particularly members of the custodial force.</p><p>- Failing to stand at attention and give due respect when confronted by or reporting to any officers or member of the custodial force.</p><p>- Forcing fellow inmates to render services to themselves and/ or others</p><p>- Exchanging uniform or wearing clothes other than those issued to him for the purpose of circumventing jail rules.</p><p>- Loitering or being in an unauthorized place.</p><p>- Using the telephone without authority</p><p>- Writing, defacing or drawing on walls, floor, or any equipment.</p><p>- Withholding information which is inimical and prejudicial to the jail administration.</p><p>- Possession of lewd or pornographic literature and photographs.</p><p>- Absence from cell, brigade, or place of work during headcount or at any time without justifiable reason; and</p><p>- Failing to turn over any implements/articles issued after the details.</p><p>- Committing any act prejudicial to or which is necessary to good order and discipline</p><p><br /></p><p>Grave Offense:</p><p>- Making untruthful statements or lies in official communication, transactions, or investigation.</p><p>- Keeping or concealing keys or locks of places in the jail where it is off limits to the offender</p><p>- Giving gifts, selling to, or bartering with jail personnel</p><p>- Keeping in his possession money, jewelry, or other contraband which the rules prohibit.</p><p>- Tattooing others, allowing himself to be tattooed, or keeping any paraphernalia for tattooing.</p><p>- Forcibly taking or extracting money from fellow inmates.</p><p>- Punishing or inflicting injury upon himself or other inmates.</p><p>- Receiving, keeping, taking, or embedding liquor and other prohibited drugs.</p><p>- Making, improvising, or keeping any kind of deadly weapon.</p><p>- Concealing or withholding information on plans of attempted escape.</p><p>- Unruly conduct and behavior and flagrant of discipline and instructions.</p><p>- Helping, adding, or abetting others to escape.</p><p>- Fighting causing any disturbance or participating therein and/or agitating to cause such disturbance or riot; and</p><p>- Indecent, immoral or lascivious acts which by himself or others and/or allowing to be subject of such indecent, immoral or lascivious acts.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Punishable Acts inside Jail:</p><p>- Willful disobedience to lawful orders issued by an officer or member of the custodial forces.</p><p>- Assaulting any officer or member of the custodial force.</p><p>- Damaging any government property or equipment issued to the inmates.</p><p>- Participating in any kangaroo court, unauthorized or irregular court conducted with disregard for or perversion of legal proceedings of a mock court by the offender in jail/ prison. </p><p>- Affiliating oneself to any gangs or faction whose main purpose is to ferment regionalism or to segregate them from others.</p><p>- Failing to inform the authorities concerned when afflicted with any communicable disease like VD, etc.</p><p>- Committing any act, which is in violation of any ordinance, in which case he shall separately be prosecuted criminally in accordance with the law.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Plan for Escapes or Jailbreaks</p><p><br /></p><p>The following are the basic guidelines for dealing with jailbreaks:</p><p>- The control center shall immediately sound the alarm and inform the warden in case of escape.</p><p>- At the first sound of the alarm, the inmates shall be locked in their respective cells. </p><p>- All the first personnel, custodial and non-custodial force shall make themselves available for deployment.</p><p>- Personnel who have inmates under their care shall remain on duty; and take their accounting at the time of the emergency.</p><p>- A simultaneous institution-wide count shall be made to determine the number of inmates who escaped identities established.</p><p>- As soon as the identities of the escapees are established, it shall be published and all police precincts be immediately notified.</p><p>- Radio and television stations should be immediately notified.</p><p>- Recovery teams shall be sent out to all known liars, and hangouts.</p><p>- In case of mass jailbreaks, all the members of the custodial force shall issue firearms and resign to critical posts to block the escape routes.</p><p>- If an officer is held hostage, reasonable caution should be made to ensure his/ her safety.</p><p>- If the warden is held hostage, for all intents and purposes he ceases to exercise authority and the next in command shall take the action.</p><p>- Maximum force shall be deployed for escapes found holding on in an area to pressure them to surrender and avert their movements and an investigation shall commence thereafter.</p><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Commitment and Classification of Prisoners and Detainees</div><div><br /></div><div>A person can be committed to jail only upon the issuance of an appropriate order by a competent court or authority so mandated under Philippine laws. This rule enumerates courts and authorities and classifies inmates according to the conditions for their commitment.</div><div><br /></div><div>Commitment - means entrusting for the confinement of an inmate to a jail by a competent court or authority, for the purposes of safekeeping during the pendency of his/her case.</div><div><br /></div><div>Courts and other Entities Authorized to Commit a Person to Jail - The following (courts and entities) are authorized to commit a person to jail:</div><div>a. Supreme Cort;</div><div>b. Court of Appeals;</div><div>c. Sandiganbayan;</div><div>d. Regional Trial Court;</div><div>e. Metropolitan/Municipal Trial Court;</div><div>f. Municipal Circuit Trial Court;</div><div>g. Congress of the Philippines; and</div><div>h. All other administrative bodies or persons authorized by law to arrest and commit a person to jail.</div><div><br /></div><div>Classification - refers to assigning or to grouping of inmates according to their respective penalty, gender, age, nationality, health, criminal records, etc.</div><div><br /></div><div>Categories of inmates -The two (2) general categories of inmates are:</div><div>a. Prisoner - an inmate who is convicted by final judgment; and</div><div>b. Detainee - an inmate who is undergoing investigation/trial or awaiting final judgment.</div><div><br /></div><div>Classification of prisoners - The four (4) main classes of prisoners are:</div><div>a. Insular Prisoner - one who is sentenced to a prison term of three (3) years and one (1) day to reclusion perpetua or life imprisonment;</div><div>b. Provincial Prisoner - one who is sentenced to a prison term of six (6) months and one(1) day to three (3) years;</div><div>c. City Prisoner - one who is sentenced to a prison term of one (1) day to three (3) years; and</div><div>d. Municipal Prisoner - one who is sentenced to a prison term of one (1) day to six (6) months.</div><div><br /></div><div>Classification of detainees - The three (3) classes of detainees are those:</div><div>a. Undergoing investigation;</div><div>b. Awaiting or undergoing trial; and</div><div>c. Awaiting final judgment.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Inmates Security Classification-The following are the classifications of inmates according to the security risk each may pose:</div><div><br /></div><div>a. High Profile Inmate - those who require increased security based on intense media coverage or public concern as a result of their offense such as but not limited to those who have been involved in a highly controversial or sensationalized crime or those who became prominent for being a politician, government official, multi-million entrepreneur, religious or cause-oriented group leader, and movie or television personality.</div><div><br /></div><div>b. High-Risk Inmate - those who are considered highly dangerous and who require a greater degree of security, control, and supervision because of their deemed capability of escape, of being rescued, and their ability to launch or spearhead acts of violence inside the jail. This includes those charged with heinous crimes such as murder, kidnapping for ransom, economic sabotage, syndicated or organized crimes, etc. Also included are inmates with military or police training or those whose life is in danger or under imminent threat.</div><div><br /></div><div>c. High-Value Target (HVT) - a target, either a resource or a person, who may either be an enemy combatant, high-ranking official, or a civilian in danger of capture or death, typically in possession of critical intelligence, data, or authority marked as an objective for a mission and which a commander requires for the successful completion of the same.</div><div><br /></div><div>d. Security Threat Group - any formal or informal ongoing inmates’ group, gang, organization or association consisting of three or more members falling into one of the following basic categories: street gangs, prison gangs, outlaw gangs, traditional organized crime, aboriginal gangs, subversive groups, and terrorist organizations.</div><div><br /></div><div>e. Subversive Group - a group of persons that adopts or advocates subversive principles or policies tending to overthrow or undermine an established government.</div><div><br /></div><div>f. Terrorist Group - a group of persons that commits any of the following: piracy and mutiny in the high seas or in the Philippine waters, rebellion or insurrection, coup d’état, murder, kidnapping, and serious illegal detention, crimes involving destruction, arson, hijacking, violation of laws on toxic substances and hazardous and nuclear waste control, violations of atomic energy regulations, anti-piracy and antihighway robbery, illegal and unlawful possession, manufacture, dealing in, acquisition or disposition of firearms, ammunitions or explosives.</div><div><br /></div><div>g. Violent Extremist Offender (VEO) - a person whose political or religious ideologies are considered far outside the mainstream attitudes of the society or who violates common moral standards and who has adopted increasingly extreme ideals and aspirations resorting to the employment of violence in the furtherance of his/her beliefs.</div><div><br /></div><div>h. Medium Risk Inmates -those who represent a moderate risk to the public and staff. These inmates still require greater security, control, and supervision as they might escape from and commit violence inside the jail.</div><div><br /></div><div>i. Minimum Risk Inmates (Ordinary Inmates) - those inmates who have lesser tendencies to commit offenses and generally pose the least risk to public safety. In most cases, they may be first-time offenders and are charged with light offenses.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>PDLs Admission Process and Procedures in the BJMP, Provincial Jails & BUCOR</div><div><br /></div><div>The Classification Movement</div><div><br /></div><div>The reorganization of the federal prison system in 1930, started the movement for modern correctional reforms. The most recent developments in the individualization of treatment and training of prisoners. The state correctional system adopted California’s system of diversification by institution and diversification within the institution in the year 1944. Today, no prison system is effective without these programs. Through such reorganization, the Reception and Guidance Center was established. It’s a new type of institution for the study of the prisoner and the preparation of his treatment and training program in prison.</div><div><br /></div><div>Classification and Diversification The Difference</div><div><br /></div><div>Classification - Is the placing of prisoners into types or categories for the implementation of the best treatment programs. It is a method by which diagnostic treatment planning and execution of treatment programs are coordinated in individual cases.</div><div><br /></div><div>Diversification - Is an administrative device of correctional institutions of provides varied and flexible types of physical plants for more effective control of the treatment programs of its diversified population. It is the separation of different types of inmates for sound execution of their treatment and custody.</div><div><br /></div><div>The Classification Process</div><div><br /></div><div>The rehabilitation program of the prisoner is carried through a process of classification is more than placing prisoners into types or categories it is a method by which diagnosis, treatment, and planning and execution of treatment programs are coordinated in the individual care.</div><div><br /></div><div>Objectives of the Classification Process</div><div><br /></div><div>The objectives of classification are the development of integrated and realistic programs for the prisoner arrived at through the coordination of diagnosis, planning, and treatment activities and an informed continuity of these activities from arrival to release of the prisoner.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>The Three Phases of Classification1. </div><div><br /></div><div>1. Diagnosis- this is done inside the reception center in which the inmates will undergo a series of tests, e.g. physical, mental, and medical examinations in other to determine the inmate's condition.</div><div><br /></div><div>2. Treatment Planning- this will take place in the reception center, which is a special unit for the prisoner, or in the classification clinic of the prison. (After the staff interview and staff conference is done, it will be then part of the admission summary)</div><div><br /></div><div>3. Execution of the Treatment Program- this will take place in the operating institution or prison.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Admission Procedure in Prison</div><div><br /></div><div>- Receiving – prisoners from city or provincial jails were transferred to the national prison after conviction by final judgment if the penalty is more than three years. The prisoners are received at the Reception and Diagnostic Center for examinations.</div><div><br /></div><div>- Checking – this includes the checking of papers and other documents of a prisoner by the prison administrator, such as travel documents or commitment orders issued by a judge.</div><div><br /></div><div>- Identification – proper identification of a prisoner is done through his picture and fingerprint.</div><div><br /></div><div>- Searching – this involves frisking and searching hidden dangerous things or weapons and other contraband.</div><div><br /></div><div>- Orientation – this is the reading of the rules and regulations of the prisons. </div><div><br /></div><div>- Assignment – the prisoner is sent to a quarantine unit for a period of seven to ten days.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Classification of Inmates as to Entitlement of Privileges</div><div><br /></div><div>- Detainee;</div><div><br /></div><div>- Third Class inmate – one who has either been previously committed for three (3) or more times as a sentenced inmate, except those imprisoned for non-payment of a fine and those who had been reduced from a higher class; </div><div><br /></div><div>- Second Class inmate – a newly arrived inmate; an inmate demoted from the first class; or one promoted from the third class; </div><div><br /></div><div>- First Class inmate – one whose known character and credit for work while in detention earned assignment to this class upon commencement of sentence; or one who has been promoted from the second class. </div><div><br /></div><div>- Colonist.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Qualifications of a Colonist</div><div><br /></div><div>- be at least a first-class inmate and has served one (1) year immediately preceding the completion of the period specified in the following qualifications;</div><div><br /></div><div>- has served imprisonment with good conduct for a period equivalent to one-fifth (1/5) of the maximum term of his prison sentence, or seven (7) years in the case of a life sentence.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Privileges of a Colonist</div><div><br /></div><div>- Credit of an additional GCTA of five (5) days for each calendar month, while he retains, said classification aside from the regular GCTA authorized under Article 97 of the RPC (not applicable under present law) ;</div><div><br /></div><div>- Automatic reduction of the life sentence imposed on the colonist to a sentence of thirty (30)years; </div><div><br /></div><div>- As a special reward to a deserving colonist, the issuance of a reasonable amount of clothing and ordinarily household supplies from the government commissary in addition to free subsistence; and </div><div><br /></div><div>- To wear civilian clothes on such special occasions as may be designated by the Superintendent. </div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Privilege of an Inmate in Visiting Relatives Who Died</div><div><br /></div><div>- To view the remains of a deceased relative and all its supporting documents shall be filed with the Superintendent at least two (2) days before the enjoyment of the privilege sought.</div><div><br /></div><div>- Inmates may be allowed more or less three (3) hours to view the deceased relative in the place where the remains lie in state. </div><div><br /></div><div>- The privilege may be enjoyed only if the deceased relative is in a place within a radius of thirty (30) kilometers by road from the prison. Where the distance is more than thirty (30) kilometers, the privilege may be extended if the inmate can leave and return to his place of confinement during the daylight hours of the same day.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Time-Release Education</div><div><br /></div><div>Thirty (30) days prior to his scheduled date of release, an inmate is transferred to the Separation and Placement Center for the purposes of reorientation with the ways of free society. Service of Non-Governmental Organizations and their religious sector is made possible to the offenders prior to release from prison to assist in their reintegration into society.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Release</div><div><br /></div><div>The authorities who approve the release of an inmate are:</div><div><br /></div><div>a. The Directors of the Bureau of Corrections upon the expiration of the sentence of the prisoner.</div><div><br /></div><div>b. The Board of Pardons and Parole in Parole case.</div><div><br /></div><div>c. The Supreme Court of the Philippines or a lower court in cases of acquittal of the accused prisoner or grant of bail.</div><div><br /></div><div>d. The President of the Philippines in cases of Executive Clemency or Amnesty. A released prisoner is supplied by the bureau with transportation fare to his home plus a gratuity of fifty pesos (P50.00) to cover the cost of subsistence en route, and a suit of decent clothes.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>The Difference between Prison and Jail</div><div><br /></div><div>1. A Prison is a penitentiary, an institution for the imprisonment of persons convicted of major/serious crimes whereas a Jail is a place of confinement for those who are awaiting trial or are serving short sentences.</div><div><br /></div><div>2. A Prison is a place of confinement for those who are serving more than 3 years of imprisonment whereas a Jail is primarily an adult penal institution used for the detention of law violators, which is administered by a province, city, and municipality.</div><div><br /></div><div>3. A Prison is a confinement facility having custodial authority over an individual sentenced by a court to imprisonment, which is administered by a national government whereas a Jail is primarily an adult penal institution used for the detention of law violators, which is administered by a province, city, and municipality.</div><div><br /></div><div>4. The word Prison derived or originated from the Greco-Roman “Presidio” whereas The word Jail derived or originated from the Spanish word “Caula or Jaula”, meaning cage.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Lock Up Jail</div><div><br /></div><div>This is a security facility, usually operated by the police department, for the temporary detention of persons held for investigation or awaiting trial.</div><div><br /></div><div>Creation of Provincial Jail (Administered and Management by Provincial Government)</div><div><br /></div><div>SECTION 468. (4)(vii) Establish and provide the maintenance and improvement of jails and detention centers, institute a sound jail management program, and appropriate funds for the subsistence of detainees and convicted prisoners in the province; R.A. 7160.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>The Provincial Jail </div><div><br /></div><div>The Provincial Jail System was first established in 1910 under the American regime.Each of the seventy-six (76) provinces has a Provincial Jail is headed by a Provincial Jail Wardenwhich is appointed by the Provincial Governor, as well as provincial jail guards with conformitywith the Civil Service Law. The DILG serves as the supervising agency in every Provincial Jail.</div><div><br /></div><div>The management of our Provincial Jails and its program of rehabilitation aredependent upon the Provincial Warden and the provincial government. Most of the ProvincialJails today are faced with the congestion problem and funds. Today, there are twenty-one (21)provincial government that have constructed their respective sub-provincial jails to houseprisoners whose prison terms range from six (6) months and one (1) day to three (3) years.There are now a total of 812 (as of 1993) offenders confined in these jails, which is beinghandled by 203 jails guards and personnel. The seventy-six (76) Provincial Jails have confined9,865 (as of 1993) offenders and still growing. These offenders are being provided with 2,439provincial guards’ task to secure and provide reformation unto them.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Who is a Prisoner?</div><div><br /></div><div>- a prisoner is a person who is under the custody of lawful authority. </div><div><br /></div><div>- any person detained/confined in jail or prison for the commission of a criminal offense or convicted and serving in a penal institution.</div><div><br /></div><div>- a person committed to jail or prison by a competent authority for any of the following reasons: to serve sentence after conviction, trial or investigation.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>General Classification of Prisoners</div><div><br /></div><div>1. Detention Prisoners detained for investigation, preliminary hearing, or awaiting trial. They are prisoners under the jurisdiction of courts.</div><div><br /></div><div>2. Sentenced Prisonersoffenders who are committed to jail or prison in order to serve their sentence after final conviction by a competent court. They are prisoners under the jurisdiction of penal institutions.</div><div><br /></div><div>3. Prisoners who are on safekeeping include non-criminal offenders who are detained in order to protect the community against their harmful behavior.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Classification of Sentenced Prisoner (P.D. 29)</div><div><br /></div><div>1. Insular or National Prisoners - sentenced to suffer a term of sentence of 3 years and 1 day to life imprisonment.</div><div><br /></div><div>2. Provincial Prisoners - sentenced to suffer term imprisonment from 6 months and 1 day to 3 years or a fine not more than 1, 000.00 pesos or both.</div><div><br /></div><div>3. City Prisoners - those sentenced to suffer a term of imprisonment from 1 day to 3 years or a fine of not more than 1,000.00 pesos or both.</div><div><br /></div><div>4. Municipal Prisoners - those confined in Municipal jails to serve an imprisonment from 1 day to 6 months.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Classification of Detainees</div><div><br /></div><div>The three (3) types of detainees are those:</div><div>1. Undergoing investigation;</div><div>2. Awaiting or undergoing trial; and </div><div>3. awaiting final judgment.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Guidelines in Reception and Admission Procedures in Jails </div><div><br /></div><div>Step 1. Checking of Credentials by the Desk Officer:</div><div><br /></div><div>Carefully Examine the Following Documents:</div><div>- Commitment Order/ Mittimus;</div><div>- Information;</div><div>- Medical Certificate</div><div>- Police Booking Sheet</div><div><br /></div><div>Entries to be scrutinized in the documents:</div><div>- Name of Detainee /Prisoner;</div><div>- Branch of Court (RTC /MTCC /MTC /MCTC)</div><div>- Offense Charged</div><div>- Case Number</div><div>- Signature of the Judge/Medical Officer</div><div>- Official Seal</div><div><br /></div><div>Step 2. Search of detainee/prisoner by the Searcher</div><div>- Strip Searching of Detainee/Prisoner;</div><div>- Taking all cash and other personal property from the inmate and issuing receipt;</div><div>- Turn over all cash and valuables of the inmate to the Property Custodian for safekeeping with official receipts.</div><div><br /></div><div>Step 3. Physical examination/appraisal by the Jail Medical personnel</div><div>- Conduct a thorough medical examination of the inmate and check for body vermin, cuts, bruises, and other injuries and for needle marks to determine if he/she is a drug dependent.</div><div>- Observe the mental alertness, overall appearance, physical abnormalities, rashes, scratches, or other identifying marks of the inmate.</div><div>- Inmates found with contagious diseases or with psychological problems be immediately isolated/segregated from other inmates.</div><div>- A medical record is accomplished to include medical history (Vital Signs: PB, Pulse Rate & Temperature)</div><div>- Compare the findings with the medical certificate Issued by the Medico-legal Officer upon his entry into jail.</div><div><br /></div><div>Step 4. Taking fingerprints and photographs, accomplishing a jail booking, and completing the documents required in the Carpeta.</div><div><br /></div><div>Accomplish the Following Documents:</div><div>- Fingerprint Specimen Sheet;</div><div>- Jail Booking Report/Sheet;</div><div>- Profile of Escapee;</div><div>- Security Risk Factor Scoring Card;</div><div>- Detainee’s Manifestation; In addition to the above enumerated documents, the Carpeta should also contain the following, to wit:</div><div>- Commitment Order / Mittimus</div><div>- Complaint;</div><div>- Information;</div><div>- Pending Warrant;</div><div>- Subpoena;</div><div>- Decision/Judgment;</div><div><br /></div><div>Step 5. Orientation of inmates to jail rules and policies and about Article 29 of the RPC/ R.A. 6127 (detainee’s manifestation) by the chief custodial or the officer of the day.</div><div><br /></div><div>Appraise the detainee, preferably in the dialect which he/she understands, that under Article 29 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended by R.A. 6127, his/her preventive imprisonment shall be credited in the service of his/her sentence, consisting of deprivation of liberty for the whole period he/she is detained if he/she agrees voluntarily in writing to abide by the same disciplinary rules imposed upon convicted prisoners; Provided, that he/she is not a recidivist, or has not been previously convicted twice or more times of any crime; and when, upon being summoned for the execution of his/her sentence, he/she surrendered voluntarily.</div><div><br /></div><div>Step 6. Classification and Segregation of Newly Detained Inmate</div><div><br /></div><div>Composition of the Classification Board:</div><div>a. Chairman - Deputy Warden</div><div>b. Member - Chief, Custodial/Security Office</div><div>c. Member - Medical Officer/ Public Health Officer</div><div>d. Member - Jail Chaplain</div><div>e. Member - Inmates Welfare and Development Officer</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Treatment Programs of Convicted Persons Placed under Non-Institutional Correction Programs/Community Based Program </div><div><br /></div><div>PROBATION</div><div><br /></div><div>Probation - A term coined by John Augustus, from the Latin verb "probare" – which means to prove or to test.</div><div><br /></div><div>Probation is a procedure under which the court releases a defendant found guilty of a crime without imprisonment subject to the condition imposed by the court and subject to the supervision of the probation service. Probation may be granted either through the withholding of sentence (suspension of imposition of a sentence) or through imposition of sentence and stay or suspension of its execution. The former generally considered more desirable.</div><div><br /></div><div>Role of Probation in the Correctional System</div><div><br /></div><div>Probation is a part of the correctional system. It cannot be properly considered as an independent subject. It is only a phase of penology, and therefore, it must be viewed in its relation to other aspects of the enforcement of the criminal laws and its proper perspective. It isa part of an entire structure and only a single feature of a well-rounded correctional process. Probation is a form of treatment of the convicted offender. It is not a clemency, pity or leniency to the offender, but rather a substitute for imprisonment. There are some offenders who must go to prison for their own good and for the good of the society because their presence in the community constitutes a threat to law and order. Other less inured to crime can remain in the community after conviction where they are given a chance to conform to the demands of the society. Probation is compared to an out-patient. The out-patient does not need to be confined in a hospital because his sickness is not serious. However, the patient must remain under the care and supervision of his family physician in order that his sickness will not become serious. Similarly, the probationer does not need to go to prison, but he should remain under the supervision and guidance of his probation officer in order that he will not become a more serious offender.</div><div><br /></div><div>Probation is given in cases where the ends of justice do not require that the offender go to prison. This is also when all the following circumstances exist: that there is a strong likelihood that the defendant will reform; that there is little danger of seriously injuring or harming members of the society by committing further crimes; that the crime he committed is not one that is repugnant to society; that he has no previous record of conviction; and that the deterrent effect of imprisonment on other criminals is not required. The person who is placed on probation is not a free man because he is required to live within a specified area. He is deprived of certain rights and privileges of citizenship, but he retains some other rights and is entitled to the dignity of man.</div><div><br /></div><div>Purpose of Probation</div><div><br /></div><div>The Wickersham Reports in 1931 (Report of the “National Commission of LawObservance and Enforcement, “page 146 of Report No. 9) states the purpose of probation as follows:</div><div><br /></div><div>1. “Probation, like parole and imprisonment, has as its primary objective the protection of society against crime. Its methods may differ, but its broader purpose must be to serve the great end of all organized justice – the protection of the community… probation is an extension of the powers of the court over the future behavior and destiny of the convicted person such as is not retained in other dispositions of the criminal case.</div><div><br /></div><div>2. “ … in probation ( there ) is the recognition that in certain types of behavior problems which come before the courts' confinement may be both an unnecessary and an inadequate means of dealing with the individuals involved; unnecessary because in that particular case the end sought, i,e., the protection of society, may be achieved without the cost of confinement, and inadequate because the prison sentence may create difficulties and complications which will make more, rather than less, doubtful the reinstatement of that particular individual as a law-abiding citizen. </div><div><br /></div><div>Advantages of Probation</div><div><br /></div><div>Probation is more advantageous than imprisonment. In probation, the man is spared thedegrading, embittering and disabling experience of imprisonment that might only confirm themin criminal ways. On the other hand, the offender can continue to work in his place of employment. Family ties remain intact, thus preventing many a broken home. Also, probation is less expensive which is only one-tenth as costly as imprisonment. To the extent that probation is being used today – about 60% of convicted offenders are given probation – this type of sentencing, therefore, will greatly relieve prison congestion. Chief Justice Taft of the United States Supreme Court in a case decided by that Court mentioned the purpose of the federal Probation Act as follows:</div><div><br /></div><div>“The great desideratum was the giving to young and new violators of law a chance to reform and to escape the contaminating influence of association with hardened or veteran criminals at the beginning of the imprisonment… Probation is the attempted saving of a man who has taken one wrong step and whom the judge thinks to be a brand who can be plucked from the burning at the time of the imposition of the sentence. </div><div><br /></div><div>ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION OF PROBATION</div><div><br /></div><div>During the early stages of probation, the appointment of probation officers and the administration of probation services were considered as court functions. Later, probation service was provided to serve all courts within a City or County such courts as juvenile, domestic, municipal, and criminal. In this type of probation service, the probation officers are appointed by the Civil Service Bureau or Commission. In recent years there has been a trend toward a state integrated probation and parole service for:</div><div><br /></div><div>- Personality: He must be of such integrity, intelligence, and good judgment as to command respect and public confidence; Because of the importance of his quasi-judicial functions, he: must possess the equivalent personal qualifications of high judicial officer. He must be forthright, courageous and independent. He should be appointed without reference to creed, color, or political affiliation. </div><div><br /></div><div>- Education: A board member should have an educational background broad enough to provide him with knowledge of those professions mostly closely related to parole administration. Specifically, academic training that has qualified the board member for professional practice in a field such as criminology, education, psychiatry, psychology, social work, and sociology is desirable. It is essential that he has the capacity and desire to round out his knowledge, as effective performance is dependent on an understanding of legal processes, the dynamics of human behavior, and cultural conditions contributing to crime.</div><div><br /></div><div>- Experience: He must have an intimate knowledge of common situations and problems confronting offenders. This might be obtained from a variety of fields, such as probation, parole, the judiciary, law, social work, a correctional institution, or a delinquency preventive agency.</div><div><br /></div><div>- Others: "He should not be an officer of a political party or seek or hold elective office while a member of the board.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Extinction of Criminal Liability</div><div><br /></div><div>The criminal liability of the person is extinguished into two instances the partial and total extinction of the criminal liability of the convicted felon.</div><div><br /></div><div>Total Extinction of Criminal Liability</div><div><br /></div><div>1. By marriage of the offended woman </div><div><br /></div><div>Marriage of the offender with the offended woman after the commission o any of the crimes of rape, Seduction, Abduction, or Acts of Lasciviousness must be contracted by the offender in good faith. The marriage contracted only to avoid criminal liability is void or has no legal effects and that the criminal liability of the offender is not extinguish.</div><div><br /></div><div>2. By the death of the convict, as to the personal penalties; and as to pecuniary penalties,liability thereof is extinguished only when the death of the offender occurs before final judgment.</div><div><br /></div><div>If the offender died before final judgment its pecuniary or civil liabilities is extinguished. But, if the convict died after final judgment the pecuniary penalties or civil liabilities is not extinguished. If the offended party died it does not extinguished the civil and criminal liability of the offender due to the reason that the offense is committed against the state.</div><div><br /></div><div>3. By service of sentence </div><div><br /></div><div>Crime is a debt by the offender as a consequence of his wrongful act and the penalty is the amount of his debt. When the payment is made, the debt is extinguished. After the convict has served its sentence its criminal liability is extinguished but does not include the civil liability.</div><div><br /></div><div>4. By amnesty, which completely extinguishes the penalty and all its effects:</div><div><br /></div><div>Amnesty defined. It is an act of the sovereign power granting oblivion or a general pardon for a past offense. And is rarely, if ever, exercised in favor of a single individual and is exerted in behalf of certain classes of persons; who are subject to trial but have yet been convicted. However, amnesty may be granted after conviction. All its civil liabilities are being extinguished also.</div><div><br /></div><div>5. By absolute Pardon</div><div><br /></div><div>Absolute Pardon defined. It is an act grace proceeding from the power entrusted with the execution of the laws, which exempts the individual on whom it is bestowed from the punishment, the law inflicts for the crime he has committed.</div><div><br /></div><div>Pardon will only extinguished the punishment of crime upon acceptance of the grantee.Once pardon is accepted by the grantee the pardon already delivered cannot be revokedby the authority, which granted pardon.</div><div><br /></div><div>As practiced in the Philippines, there are two kinds of pardons, namely, the absolute and conditional pardons.</div><div><br /></div><div>Absolute Pardon - is one, which is given without any condition attached to it. The purposes of this kind of pardon are:</div><div><br /></div><div>1. To do away with the miscarriage of justice - Under the present method of judicial procedure justice is not guaranteed. It is possible to convict innocent person, as it is possible for criminals to escape the hands of justice. When an innocent convict has no more recourse through courts, the remedy is absolute pardon. The power of the President to pardon offenders on the grounds of innocence is rarely exercised because the criminal procedures are liberal in granting a new trial in the case of an offender has no more legal remedy will pardon of this nature be given. If so exercised, absolute pardon is granted after an exhaustive investigation is conducted and upon recommendation of the Secretary of Justice.</div><div><br /></div><div>2. To keep punishment abreast with the current philosophy, concept or practice of criminal justice administration - A criminal act, because of changing scheme of social values, may become non-criminal at a later date. Therefore, persons serving imprisonment at the time of the repeal of the law abolishing the crime may be extended absolute pardon. For example, a person serving imprisonment for black-marketing of gasoline when this commodity was rationed may after the repeal of thelaw on black-marketing be extended absolute pardon.</div><div><br /></div><div>3. To restore full political and civil rights of persons who have already served their sentence and have waited the prescribed period. The greatest number of application for absolute pardon come from ex-prisoners who desire to be restored their political and civil rights. In the Philippines, the Office of the President laid down the policy to grant absolute pardon to ex-prisoners ten years from the date of their release from prison. Recently the policy was relaxed, thereby shortening the waiting period of five years. The waiting period is required to give the offender an opportunity to demonstrate that he has established a new pattern of conduct.</div><div><br /></div><div>Effects of Absolute Pardon</div><div><br /></div><div>Absolute Pardon does not work to restore the right to hold public office or the right to suffrage unless such rights are expressly restored by the terms of pardon. A pardon does not exempt the offender from the payment of civil indemnity imposed upon him by the sentence. Absolute pardon totally extinguishes the criminal liability but not the right of the offended party to enforce the civil liability against the offender.</div><div><br /></div><div>In Cristobal vs. Labrador, et al., 71 Phil. 34, the Supreme Court laid down the doctrine that the absolute pardon removes all that is left of the consequences of conviction and that it is absolute in so far it restores the pardonee to full civil and political rights. In another case, the Supreme Court reiterated the doctrine laid down in the Cristobal vs. Labrador case and elucidated further that “an absolute pardon not only blots out the crime but removes all disabilities resulting from the conviction; and that when granted after the term of imprisonment has expired, absolute pardon removes all that is left of the consequences of conviction.” (Polobello vs. Palatino, 72 Phil.441)</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Differences between Amnesty and Pardon</div><div><br /></div><div>Pardon includes any crime and is exercised individually by the Chief Executive, whileamnesty is a blanket pardon granted to a group of prisoners, generally political prisoners.Pardon is exercised when the person is already convicted while amnesty may be given beforetrial or investigation is had.</div><div><br /></div><div>In Barrio Quinto, et al., vs. Fernandez, O.G. 303, the Supreme Court distinguished pardon from amnesty in that, “pardon is granted by the Chief Executive and such it is a private act which must be placed and proved by the person pardoned, because the courts take no notice thereof; while amnesty is by proclamation with concurrence of Congress, and it is a public act which the courts should take judicial notice. Pardon is granted to one after conviction, while amnesty is granted to classes of persons who may be guilty of political offenses, generally before or after the institution of criminal prosecution and sometimes after conviction. “ </div><div><br /></div><div>Limitations of the Pardoning Power </div><div><br /></div><div>The power of the chief Executive to grant pardon is limited to the following:</div><div><br /></div><div>1. Pardon cannot be extended to cases of impeachment. (Art VII, Sec. 10, Par. 2,Constitution of the Philippine). </div><div>2. No pardon, parole or suspension of sentence for the violation of any election law may be granted without favorable recommendation of the Commission of Elections.“(Art. X, Soc. 2, Par. 2 Constitution of the Philippines)”</div><div>3. Pardon is exercised only after conviction. It is an elementary principle in political law that pardon can only be given after final conviction. Cases pending trial or an appeal are still within the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts hence, pursuant to the theory of separation of powers, the Chief Executive has no jurisdiction over the accused.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Partial Extinction of Criminal Liability</div><div><br /></div><div>Criminal liability is extinguished partially:</div><div><br /></div><div>1. By conditional Pardon</div><div><br /></div><div>A conditional pardon delivered and accepted is considered a contract between the sovereign power of the executive and the convict that the former will release the latter upon compliance with the condition. </div><div><br /></div><div>2. By Commutation of Sentence</div><div><br /></div><div>Commutation defined - Is an act of clemency by which an executive act changes a heavier sentence to a less serious one or a longer term to a shorter term.</div><div><br /></div><div>It is a change of decision of the court, made by the Chief Executive by reducing the degree of the penalty inflicted upon the convict, or by decreasing the length of the imprisonment or the amount of the fine.</div><div><br /></div><div>Purpose of Commutation of Sentence</div><div>a. to break the rigidity of the law;</div><div>b. to extend parole in case where the parole law do not apply;</div><div>c. to save the file of person sentences to death.</div><div><br /></div><div>Instances where commutation is provided by law:</div><div>1. When the convict who is sentenced to death is over 70 years of age;</div><div>2. When the justices of the Supreme Court fail to reach a decision for the affirmation ofthe death penalty.</div><div><br /></div><div>In either case, the degree of penalty is reduced from death to reclusion perpetua. In commutation of sentence, consent of the offender is not necessary. The public welfare not his consent determines what shall be done.</div><div><br /></div><div>3. By Good Conduct Time Allowance (RA 10592)</div><div><br /></div><div>The conduct of any prisoner in any penal institution shall entitle him to the following deductions from the period of his sentence;</div><div>- First two years of imprisonment – twenty (20) days of allowed deduction for each month of good behavior;</div><div>- Third to fifth year – twenty three (23) days allowed deduction of each of good behavior;</div><div>- Sixth to the tenth year – twenty five (25) days allowed deduction for each month of good behavior;</div><div>- Eleventh and successive years – thirty (30) days allowed deduction for each month of good behavior</div><div><br /></div><div>At any time during the period of imprisonment, he shall be allowed another deduction of fifteen days, in addition to numbers one to four hereof, for each month of study, teaching or mentoring service time rendered.</div><div><br /></div><div>Remember: An appeal by the accused shall not deprive him of entitlement to the above allowances for good conduct.</div><div><br /></div><div>Special Time Allowance (RA 10592)</div><div><br /></div><div>- Special time allowance for loyalty. – A deduction of one fifth of the period of his sentence shall be granted to any prisoner who, having evaded his preventive imprisonment or the service of his sentence under the circumstances mentioned in Article 158 of this Code (RPC), gives himself up to the authorities within 48 hours following the issuance of a proclamation announcing the passing away of the calamity or catastrophe referred to in said article. </div><div><br /></div><div>- A deduction of two-fifths of the period of his sentence shall be granted in case said prisoner chose to stay in the place of his confinement notwithstanding the existence of a calamity or catastrophe enumerated in Article 158 of this Code (RPC).</div><div><br /></div><div>- “This Article shall apply to any prisoner whether undergoing preventive imprisonment or serving sentence.”</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Authority to Grant</div><div><br /></div><div>Director of the Bureau of Corrections, the Chief of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology and/or the Warden of a provincial, district, municipal or city jail shall grant allowances for good conduct. Such allowances once granted shall not be revoked.”</div><div><br /></div><div>Conditional Pardon - Conditional Pardon serves the purpose of releasing, through executive clemency, a prisoner who is already reformed or rehabilitated but who cannot be paroled because the parole law does not apply to him. Thus a prisoner serving a determinate sentence or life imprisonment is excluded from the benefits of the parole law. However, when this prisoner has already been reformed, he may be released on conditional pardon.</div><div><br /></div><div>Nature of Conditional Pardon</div><div><br /></div><div>Conditional Pardon is in the nature of a contract, so that it must first be accepted by the recipient before it takes effect. The pardonee is under obligation to comply strictly with the conditions imposed therein, otherwise, his non-compliance will result to the revocation of the pardon. (Art. 95, RPC). If the pardonee violates any of the conditions of his pardon, he will be prosecuted criminally as a pardon violator. Upon convictions, the accused will be sentenced to serve an imprisonment of prison correctional. However, if the penalty remitted by the granting of such pardon be higher than six years, the pardonee will be made to serve the unexpired portion of his original sentence. (Art. 159, RPC)</div><div><br /></div><div>How Conditional Pardon is given</div><div><br /></div><div>Conditional Pardon may be commenced by a petition filed by the prisoner, his family or relative, or upon the recommendation of the prison authorities. The petition or request is processed by the Board of Pardons and Parole. The Board shall determine if the prisoner has served a sufficient portion of his sentence; his release is not inimical to the interest of the community; and that there is a likelihood that the offender will not become a public charge and will not recidivate in crime. If all these factors are favorable, then the Board will endorse the petition favorably to the President. If the case is premature, the petitioner is so informed.</div><div><br /></div><div>Some Guides in Pardon Selection</div><div><br /></div><div>In determining the fitness of a prisoner for release on conditional pardon, the following points shall be considered as guides-</div><div>1. The political, organizational or religious affiliation of the prisoner should be disregarded.</div><div>2. Due (but not undue) regard should be given the attitude of the people in the community from which he was sentenced.</div><div>3. The judicial history of the case should be carefully investigated.</div><div>4. The background of the prisoner before he was committed to prison – social, economic, psychological and emotional backgrounds – should be carefully investigated.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conditional Pardon Distinguished from Parole</div><div><br /></div><div>The purpose of conditional pardon and parole is the same – the release of a prisoner who is already reformed in order that he can continue to serve his sentence outside of the institution, thus giving him the opportunity to gradually assume the responsibilities of a freeman. Both releases are subject to the same set of conditions will subject the parolee or pardonee to be recommitted to prison. The only difference between the two is the granting authority. In parole the granting authority is the Board of Pardons and Parole, while in conditional pardon, the granting authority is the President.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conditions of Pardon and Parole</div><div><br /></div><div>In the Philippines, the pardonee is given the same set of rules or conditions as the parolee. Among the conditions usually imposed on pardonees and parolees are the following:</div><div>1. That he shall live in his parole residence and shall not change his residence during theperiod of his parole without first obtaining the consent of the Board of Pardons andParole.</div><div>2. If the parolee or pardonee leaves the parole jurisdiction temporarily, he needs not getthe permission of the Board, although he may so inform his parole officer (MunicipalJudge) of his where about.</div><div>3. That he shall report to the Municipal Judge (of the town where he will reside) or to suchofficer as may be designated by the Executive Officer of the Board of Pardons andParole during the first year once a month and, thereafter, once every two months or a soften as he may be required by said officer.</div><div>4. That he shall not indulge in any injurious or vicious habits, and shall avoid places or persons of disreputable or harmful character.</div><div>5. That he shall permit the Provincial Commander, Philippine Constabulary or any officer designated by the Executive Officer of the Board to visit him at reasonable times at his place of abode or elsewhere and shall truthfully answer any reasonable inquiries concerning his conduct or conditions.</div><div>6. That he shall not commit any crime and shall conduct himself in an orderly manner.</div><div>7. That he shall pay not less than P50.00 a month to the cashier of the Department of Justice in payment of the indemnity imposed upon him.</div><div>8. That he shall comply with such orders as the Board or its Executive Officer may from time to time make.</div><div><br /></div><div><div>Abuse of the Pardon Power and It’s Safeguards</div><div><br /></div><div>The power vested on the President by the Constitution to grant pardon is very broad and exclusive. It is not subject to review by the courts. Neither does congress have the right to establish conditions nor provide procedure for the exercise of pardon. Under these circumstances, it is therefore possible that unscrupulous Chief Executive can abuse his power. In fact, nearly every presidential election the alleged abuse of the pardoning power has comeup as campaign issue against the incumbent President. The truth of the charge has never been investigated, but the fact that the alleged anomaly is aired publicly is an indication that the power to grant pardon may be abused.</div><div><br /></div><div>There are certain safeguards, however, against the abuse of the pardoning power. First is the constitutional provision that the President may be impeached for a willful violation of the Constitution. This is enough deterrent for the Chief Executive to abuse this power. Second, is the policy of the Office of the Chief Executive, ever since the time of the American Governors General, to approve pardon cases, which are favorably recommended by the Board of Pardons and Parole. Although this policy does not wholly bind the President, seldom, if ever, has it been disregarded.</div><div><br /></div><div>Is Pardon Necessary in our Penal System?</div><div><br /></div><div>Judges are human beings and are therefore apt to commit errors. It is possible for an innocent to get convicted, as it is possible for a criminal to escape the hands of justice. An innocent man may not be able to present evidence to prove his innocence, or may not have the money to hire a good counsel. Many of our penal laws are outmoded and are no longer kept abreast with current trends of criminal justice administration. Judges are limited by laws to the use of discretion they may exercise in any given case. Under any of the above circumstances, an injustice may result, which can only be remedied by the exercise of pardon.</div><div><br /></div><div>Ideally, all releases should be by parole. Society can only be sufficiently protected against the ex-prisoner if the latter is released through parole or conditional pardon. Unfortunately, not all sentences are indeterminate so that some prisoners are deprived of the privilege of parole. Therefore, pardon is necessary for the prisoners who do not fall under the parole law.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Other forms of Executive clemency</div><div><br /></div><div>Amnesty is a general pardon extended to groups of persons and is generally exercised by executive clemency with the concurrence of Congress. Usually, the recipients of amnesty are political offenders, although there are some exceptions. For example, President Truman issued two proclamation granting amnesty to unnamed persons, one at the end of World War II in 1945 and another at the end of the Korean Conflict in 1952. In these cases, the persons have been convicted of crimes against the United States but were pardoned by terms of proclamation for having served in the armed forces for at least a year during the conflicts. Those who did so received pardons without having to apply for them.</div><div><br /></div><div>The Supreme Court, in the case of People vs. Santos, et al., 47 O.G. 6168, stated that the “purpose of amnesty is to bring about the return of dissidents and recalcitrant elements of our population to their homes and the resumption by them of their lawful pursuits, or occupations, as loyal and law-abiding citizens, to accelerate the rehabilitation of the war-devastated country, restore peace and order, and secure the welfare and happiness of the communities.</div><div><br /></div><div>Amnesty looks backward and abolishes and puts into oblivion the offense itself. It so overlooks and obliterates the offense with which he is charged that the person released by amnesty stands before the law as though he had committed no offense.</div><div><br /></div><div>Amnesty is extended to convict as well as persons who have not yet been tried by the court. Some of the proclamations of amnesty are as follows:</div><div><br /></div><div>1. Proclamation No.51 – This proclamation was issued by the late President Manuel Roxas on January 28, 1948, granting amnesty to those who collaborated with the enemy during World War II.</div><div>2. Proclamation No.76 – This was issued by President Elpidio Quirino on June 21, 1948, extending amnesty to leaders of the Hukbalahap and Pambansang Kaisahan ng mga Magbubukid (PKM). The amnesty applied to crimes of rebellion, sedition, illegal association, assault, resistance and disobedience to persons in authority and illegal possession of firearm. </div><div>3. Proclamation No.51 – was issued in order to attain the following objectives: To pardon those commited crimes against the security of the State who have changed their hostile attitude towards the government and have voluntarily surrendered with their arms and ammunitions. To get the dissidents back into the fold of law-abiding citizens. To gather the loose firearms.</div><div><br /></div><div>Commutation is an act of clemency by which an executive act changes a heavier sentence to a less serious one or a long term to a shorter term. It may alter death or life sentence to a term of years. Commutation does not forgive the offender but merely reduces the penalty of life sentence for a term of years.</div><div><br /></div><div>Purposes of Commutation</div><div><br /></div><div>Some of the common uses of commutations are the following:</div><div><br /></div><div>1. To break the rigidity of the law - Some penal laws are rigid and unusually cruel. For example, a law making qualified theft, the stealing of young coconuts from trees, or fish from the fishpond, or sugar cane from the sugar cane field. Qualified theft imposes an unusually heavy penalty on the culprit, which is greatly misappropriated to the value of article stolen. Even if the judge would want to impose a light penalty, he could not do so because his hands are tied by the provision of the law. The sentence in this case may be reduced by commutations of sentence.</div><div>2. To extend parole in cases where the parole law does not apply - Commutation enables the recipient to be released on parole when his sentence does not allow him parole, like,for example, when the sentence is determinate or life sentence, or when the prisoner is serving two or more sentences. The sentence may be changed to an indeterminate sentence by commutation to enable the recipient to receive parole after serving the minimum of the sentence.</div><div>3. To save the life of a person sentenced to death - This is one of the most common uses of commutation of sentence. In the Philippines, 95% of death penalty cases are commuted to life imprisonment.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Procedures in Commutations</div><div><br /></div><div>When the sentence of death penalty is confirmed by the Supreme Court, the condemned man or the head of the prison system (Director of Prisons) may file a petition for commutation. The prisoner is subjected to a social, psychological and psychiatric examination by the Staff of the Reception Center. The inquiry will include the sociological history of the prisoner, his criminal history, mental psychological capacities, work history, etc., the purpose of which is to determine the degree of involvement in crime the prisoner is in, and to determine if he deserves to be given a new lease in life. The petition is then forwarded to the Board of Pardons and Parole, together with the reports of examinations of the reception and Diagnostic Center and the recommendation of the Director of Prison on the petition.</div><div><br /></div><div>The Board of Pardons and Parole processes the petition and will deliberate on a recommendation after a careful study of the papers, including the reports of the Reception and Diagnostic Center. It will then forward the petition, including its recommendation to the President. The President will then act on the petition. In giving or denying commutation, the President may not follow the recommendation of the Board of Pardons and Parole.</div><div><br /></div><div>Reprieve is a temporary stay of the execution of the sentence. Like pardon, the President can only exercise reprieve when the sentence has become final. Generally, reprieve is extended to death penalty prisoners. The date of the execution of sentence is set back several days to enable the Chief Executive to study the petition of the condemned man for commutation of sentence or pardon. </div><div><br /></div><div>Conditional release is the statutory shortening of the maximum sentence the prisoners serves because of good behavior while in prison. This is called “good conduct-time “and is given by the law as motivation for good behavior while serving sentence in prison. Article 97, Revised Penal Code, provides good conduct time allowance to all sentences under the following schedules:</div><div><br /></div><div> “Good Conduct time allowance is automatically applied to reduce the sentence but maybe taken away from the prisoner if he fails to obey the rules and regulations of the prison. However, good conduct time allowance may be remitted as a reward for exceptional services the prisoner may render to the prison administration, or after the lapse of some time when the prisoner has sufficiently demonstrated that he has reformed. </div><div><br /></div><div>“If the prisoner does not forfeit his statutory good conduct time allowance through misbehavior, he is released at time earned. He is released under supervision as if on parole and subjected to all parole condition which, if violated, will result in the issuance of a warrant,revocation of his release, and the requirement that he return to prison to serve the maximum term.”</div><div><br /></div><div>This form of conditional release is used in Federal, Kentucky, Kansas, North Carolina and Wisconsin correctional institutions. The release of the prisoner is mandatory when the accumulated time deducted from the sentence for good behavior and work credits makes it mandatory to release the prisoner. The Board of Parole does not participate in the selection process. This form of release does, however, enable the parole staff to provide supervision for a period of time by which his release has been advanced for good behavior as though the offender was on parole. The released prisoners are subject to the regulation and control of parole.</div><div><br /></div><div>In the Philippines, the prisoner who is released from prison after serving his sentence less the good conduct time allowance is released without any condition and is considered to have served his sentence in full.</div><div><br /></div><div>Act No. 2489, otherwise known as the Industrial Good Time Law, provides that when a prisoner has been classified as trusty or penal colonists, he is given an additional 5 days time allowance for every month of service. A prisoner serving a life sentence has his sentence automatically reduced to 30 years of imprisonment upon attaining the classification of trusty or penal colonists.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Treatment Programs and Rehabilitation of the Different Confinement Facilities</div><div><br /></div><div>1. BJMP Programs</div><div><br /></div><div>A. Major Programs</div><div><br /></div><div>There are four (4) major programs under the mandate of BJMP and they are the following:</div><div>1. Inmates’ custody, security and control program.</div><div>2. Inmates’ welfare and development program.</div><div>3. Decongestion program.</div><div>4. Good governance</div><div><br /></div><div>B. Core Programs</div><div><br /></div><div>a. Provisions of Basic Needs</div><div><br /></div><div>All PDL under custody are provided with three (3) meals (breakfast, lunch and supper). Adequate supply of potable water is made available to them at all times. Likewise, upon admission, each PDL is issued his or her PDL uniform consisting of the yellow shirt and brown jogging pants. Hygiene kits are also distributed to the PDL on monthly or quarterly basis. Occasionally, the provision of basic needs for the PDL is supplemented by the food and non-food donations from local government units, non-government organizations, business sector and private individuals.</div><div><br /></div><div>b. Health Services</div><div><br /></div><div>Health services for PDL consist of interventions towards the prevention, promotion, treatment of illnesses and rehabilitation. All PDL undergo medical assessment upon admission. During confinement, PDL are provided with health education and counseling, medical consultations,regular health monitoring, and provided medicines subject to availability. To maintain the physical health of PDL, they are allowed daily sunning and physical exercises.</div><div><br /></div><div>c. Educational Program</div><div><br /></div><div>The educational program aims to provide opportunities for PDL to achieve mandatory education. For this reason, BJMP adopted the Alternative Learning System (ALS) of the Department of Education for the PDL to earn their elementary and high school diplomas. Teachers in the jail-based ALS are BJMP Personnel who are professional teachers and trained on the Instructional Method for ALS. In jails where there are no personnel trained to handle ALS classes, the ALS teachers would be coming from the Department of Education. All PDL enrolled in the ALS earn their respective Time Allowance for Teaching, Studying and Mentoring (TASTM) pursuant to RA 10592.</div><div><br /></div><div>d. Skills Training/Enhancement Program</div><div><br /></div><div>The objective of the skills training program is to equip the PDL with technical/vocational skills which they can use in seeking employment or starting their own business after release from confinement. To make the PDL as competitive as other potential job seekers, the skills trainings preferred are those accredited by the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) so that the PDL will be able to earn National Certifications. Thus, only the PDL who meet the eligibility requirements of the specific skills training program being offered can participate.</div><div><br /></div><div>e. Livelihood Program</div><div><br /></div><div>The livelihood program presents income-generating activities to PDL during their confinement where they are able to earn for their personal upkeep and for financial support to their families. The capital for the livelihood project are either from BJMP for BJMP-funded projects or from the common fund of a group of PDL for non-BJMP funded projects. Examples of continuing and most popular livelihood projects of PDL are bags and purses, bonsai made of beads, pastries, rugs, paper crafts, and wood crafts. To help the PDL earn from these livelihood projects, the jail unit Welfare and Development Officer (UWDO) facilitates the sale of the products in display centers or livelihood caravans organized by the local government units and other service providers. In addition, online or e-marketing of PDL products is also run by the jail unit Welfare and Development Office.</div><div><br /></div><div>f. Behavioral Management/Modification Program</div><div><br /></div><div>BJMP implements the Therapeutic Community Modality Program (TCMP) to manage and modify behaviors of PDL with the goal of positively changing their thinking and behavior through structured group processes. The program endeavors to teach and model positive thinking, pro-social values, good decision-making, and positive coping. Through the program, PDL are trained on socially acceptable ways of behaving and relating with their fellow PDL and with personnel and visitors thereby fostering a therapeutic jail environment and maintaining a peaceful communal atmosphere.</div><div><br /></div><div>g. Interfaith Program</div><div><br /></div><div>PDL are provided with the opportunity to practice their faith while under custody without discrimination, subject only to usual safety and security measures. The BJMP chaplains and imams provide different religious services such as but not limited to mass celebrations, communal prayers, spiritual counseling, catechism, and others. Religious organizations and their respective ministers/pastors and leaders are accredited by BJMP to facilitate their regular contact with PDL for the provision of religious services.</div><div><br /></div><div>h. Cultural and Sports Program</div><div><br /></div><div>The cultural program aims to promote camaraderie among PDL, encourage the development of self-confidence and sharing of cultural talents as form of positive entertainment. Cultural activities allowed in jails include dance, singing, theatre/drama, and art workshops. Also,through this program, PDL experience some sense of social normalcy through the communal celebrations of socio-cultural events like birthdays, Valentine’s Day, Mothers’ and Fathers’ Day,Christmas, Lent and Easter, Ramadan, local festivals and other similar activities.</div><div><br /></div><div>i. Paralegal Program</div><div><br /></div><div>The main objective of the Paralegal Program is to address the overcrowding in jail facilities. Through the paralegal program, PDL are assisted in availing of the different early modes of release. Regional and jail paralegal officers conduct continuous informative seminars/orientations to PDL on their rights, modes of early release, and other paralegal/legal remedies which can be availed of by them. Other paralegal services include paralegal counseling and case follow-up in the courts by the jail paralegal officers. </div><div><br /></div><div>j. E-Dalaw</div><div><br /></div><div>The E-DALAW service is an alternative to the traditional face-to-face visitation between PDL and respective families. This service enables the PDL to connect with his/her family through a supervised video call and chat. The program is conceptualized specifically to cater to PDL whose family members cannot go to the jail for actual visit because of the long distance to the jail from the residence or workplace of the family members. However, in case of jail lockdown by reason of public health emergency where visitation is suspended, all PDL are allowed to use the e-dalaw to communicate with their families on equitable rotation basis.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div></div><div><div>C. Support Services</div><div><br /></div><div>a. Human Rights Desks</div><div><br /></div><div>Every jail facility operates a 24-hour Human Rights Desk handled by a designated Human Rights Affairs Officer. The main function of the Human Rights Desk is to receive complaints concerning human rights violations from PDL and visitors and to report the complaints thru the appropriate reporting system to the concerned BJMP offices and to the Commission on Human Rights for investigation and appropriate action.</div><div><br /></div><div>b. Help Desk</div><div><br /></div><div>In line with the government’s policy of providing timely and speedy access to government services, each jail facility has established its own Help Desk managed by a designated Held Desk Officer. The Help Desk functions as a referral unit where PDL and visitors can lodge their request for assistance concerning personal or family needs. These requests are evaluated byt he Help Desk Officer and all requests for assistance that cannot be addressed by the jail are referred to the concerned government agencies for appropriate action.</div><div><br /></div><div>c. Referrals for Aftercare</div><div><br /></div><div>Although BJMP recognizes the importance of aftercare program for PDL to be released for them to start a new, it is limited only to providing welfare and developmental programs to PDL while they are in custody. Nevertheless, to ensure continuity of care of PDL upon release, the jail unit Welfare and Development Officer facilitate referrals to different community resources. These referrals addressed to the local government units, non-government organizations and the business sector usually include but not limited to seeking immediate financial assistance forPDL’s repatriation, employment/livelihood assistance, educational/vocational training scholarships, medical and psychological interventions.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>D. Special Program for Vulnerable Groups</div><div><br /></div><div>a. Services for Pregnant PDL</div><div><br /></div><div>Pregnant PDL, by reason of their medical condition, are given special attention by the jail nurses to ensure compliance to pre-natal and post-natal care, timely provision of other pregnancy-related needs, and assistance for the care of the newborn until the latter is endorsed to the immediate family or accredited child-caring agency.</div><div><br /></div><div>b. Services for Senior Citizen PDL and PDL with Disabilities</div><div><br /></div><div>In addition to implementing measures to protect the senior citizen PDL and PDL with disabilities from discrimination and establishing functional priority lanes for them, the primary policy is to link them to the local Office of Senior Citizen Affairs Office (OSCA) and Person with Disability Affairs Office (PDAO) for the acquisition of their respective Identification Cards. The respective identification cards issued by the local government unit are the PDL’s access key to the different services for senior citizens and persons with disabilities mandated by the Senior Citizen’s Act and Magna Carta for Persons with Disabilities.</div><div><br /></div><div>c. Services for PDL with other Special Needs</div><div><br /></div><div>PDL who are members of the LGBT community maybe segregated from the general population in terms of housing to prevent potential mistreatments towards them by reason of their gender expression and other vulnerabilities. Nevertheless, they receive the same programs and services provided to the general population and they are encouraged to participate fully in the socio-cultural activities of the jail.</div><div><br /></div><div>d. Mental Health Services</div><div><br /></div><div>In general, preventive mental health aimed at reducing incidence of mental health disorders and developing positive coping mechanisms are provided to all PDL. Preventive mental health interventions include informative seminars on stress management, psycho-educational counseling and other supportive psychological group activities. Likewise, psycho-social support services or stress debriefing to address trauma are facilitated for PDL after the occurrence of untoward jail incidents or in the aftermath of devastating calamities directly affecting the PDL.</div><div><br /></div><div>e. Drug Counseling for PDL with Substance use Disorder</div><div><br /></div><div>PDL with substance use disorder or have history of illegal drug use and who were granted plea bargaining under A.M. No. 18-03-16 SC, are provided with drug counseling using the Katatagan Kontra Droga sa Komunidad (KKDK) approach. The KKDK is a psycho-educational drug counseling program developed consisting of twenty-four (24) modules: eighteen (18) modules to be completed by the PDL in a small group setting with fellow PDL and six (6) family modules to be participated by the PDL’s family. The drug counseling runs for maximum duration of four(4) months.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><br /></div><div>2. BUCOR Reformation Programs</div><div><br /></div><div>A. Work and Livelihood </div><div><br /></div><div>The Bureau offers a variety of inmate work programs, from agricultural to industrial. The purpose of the inmate work program is to keep the inmates busy and to provide them money for their personal expenses and their families as well as help them acquire livelihood skills, in order that they may become productive citizens once they are released and assimilated back into the mainstream of society.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Different prison and penal farms provide institutional work programs for inmates. At the Davao Penal Colony, inmates work on the banana plantations of Tagum Development Company(TADECO) which has a joint venture agreement with the Bureau. Similarly, the vast tracts of land at the Iwahig Penal Colony are developed and tilled by inmates to produce various agricultural products, thereby generating income for the Bureau. The Sablayan Prison and Penalfarm also provide agriculture and aquaculture programs for inmates. </div><div><br /></div><div>Along this end, the Bureau under the present Director has encouraged agricultural and industrial production by providing farming implements, tractors, fertilizers, and other inputs in order to sustain this area of rehabilitation for inmates.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>B. Healthcare Services </div><div><br /></div><div>Upon his initial commitment to the Reception and Diagnostic Center (RDC), the inmate’s medical history is recorded and properly documented by the Medical Specialist. Medical information and mental status examinations are given to ascertain his overall physical/mental fitness and whether he would be fit for work. This forms part of the diagnostic process which will eventually determine the most appropriate rehabilitation program for the inmate.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>The principal medical care of inmates is provided through a 500-bed capacity hospital at the New Bilibid Prisons and at six (6) other mini-hospitals or clinics in the six (6) other prison and penal farms. All correctional facilities have a full and competent staff of medical practitioners in charge of clinics, infirmaries, and hospitals. These centers are capable of minor surgical operations, laboratory examinations, radiology, psychiatry, rehabilitation, and dental treatment. </div><div><br /></div><div>Other government and private hospitals are also tapped in the implementation of standards pertaining to nutrition and protective health services for the prison community. Medical services also include a wide range of counseling techniques and therapy programs that address the psychological problems of inmates, including suicidal thoughts and feelings of rejection which may lead to disruption of peace and order within the prison compounds. When an inmate’s ailment is beyond the competence of the in-house medical doctors, the inmate is referred to a government hospital in accordance with prison rules and under proper security escorts.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>C. Education and Skills Training Rehabilitation can be facilitated by improving an inmate’s academic and job skills. Records show that many prisoners are poorly educated. A majority are elementary school dropouts or have not even finished primary school. Prison education amounts to remedial schooling designed to prepare inmates to obtain basic skills in reading, writing and mathematics. </div><div><br /></div><div>In most correctional facilities, vocational programs are incorporated into job assignments and serve as on-the-job training. The goal is to provide inmates with skills that will improve their eligibility for jobs upon release. Most prison vocational training is geared toward traditional blue-collar employment in areas such as electronics, auto mechanics and handicrafts. At the Reception and Diagnostic Center, a basic computer literacy course with typing as a support course is available for inmates who have finished at least high school level. </div><div><br /></div><div>Vocational training and social education focus on job readiness. The concern in these areas is life skills. If inmates are to reenter society and abstain from criminal activity, they must be employable and have the basic tools necessary to function as responsible citizens.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>The National Penitentiary has a college degree program and a tertiary degree correspondence course, in addition to the regular secondary and compulsory basic literacy classes. Prisoners are strongly encouraged by the BuCor authorities to enroll while serving their sentence and to advance their academic skills.</div><div><br /></div><div>D. Sports and Recreation </div><div><br /></div><div>The inmates enjoy sunrise by participating in daily calisthenics. There are various indoor and outdoor sports activities, programs, tournaments, and leagues all year round, including basketball, volleyball, billiards, table tennis, and chess. These sports competitions promote camaraderie among inmates, good sportsmanship, and team-building. The latest addition is the newly constructed indoor sports center/gymnasium at the Maximum-Security Compound which boasts of competition-standard flooring, sound system, locker rooms, and bleachers.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>All prison and penal farms have adequate recreational facilities for inmates, both for outdoor and indoor sports. Mini-bodybuilding gyms are available in most prison facilities, including the Muntinlupa Juvenile Training Center and the Therapeutic Community Center for inmates with drug cases. </div><div><br /></div><div>For music lovers and musically-inclined inmates, numerous "videoke" centers are available. Musical instruments are available for practice or for use in variety shows.</div><div><br /></div><div>E. Moral and Spiritual Program</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Inmates enjoy freedom of religion. All inmates are free to observe the rituals of their faith, with orderly conduct supervised by prison authorities. A religious guidance adviser or chaplain is assigned to every prison and penal farm. The prison chaplain sets the stage for every regular spiritual activity. He is an officer of the institution who oversees the operation of the prison chapel. He is not only a spiritual leader but also a counselor and adviser. Prisoners may be baptized or given other sacraments. Religious Volunteer Officers, or RVOs belonging to different church groups provide weekly religious activities ranging from bible studies, devotions, prayer meetings, or praise and worship. With a predominantly Roman Catholic prison population, a Catholic Mass is a regular feature in the spiritual activities of the prison communities. Restrictions, however, are imposed if, in the course of religious activities, security is compromised or a program is too expensive.</div><div><br /></div><div>F. Therapeutic Community</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>The Therapeutic Community (TC) Program represents an effective, highly structured environment with defined boundaries, both moral and ethical. The primary goal is to foster personal growth. This is accomplished by re-shaping an individual’s behavior and attitudes through the inmates? community working together to help themselves and each other, restoring self-confidence, and preparing them for their reintegration into their families and friends as productive members of the community. </div><div><br /></div><div>Patterned after Daytop TC, New York which is the base of the Therapeutic Community movement in the world, the BuCor TC program was adopted as part of the Bureau's holistic approach towards inmate rehabilitation. It is implemented primarily but not limited to drug dependents.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>The TC approach has been continuously proven worldwide as an effective treatment and rehabilitation modality among drug dependents and has been noted to be effective in many prisons. By immersing a drug offender in the TC environment, he learns why he had developed his destructive habits, which led him to substance abuse. The program modifies negative behavior and or attitudes while restoring self-confidence, and prepares inmates for their reintegration into their families and friends as productive members of the community. This behavioral modification program gradually reshapes or re-structures the inmate within a family-like environment, wherein every member acts as his brother’s keeper. </div><div><br /></div><div>As TC family members go on with their daily activities, a strong sense of responsibility and concern for each other’s welfare are developed. They are constantly being monitored for their progress and are regularly being evaluated by the TC-trained staff. The TC process allows for genuine introspection, cultivation of self-worth, and positive rationalization that move the individual towards assuming a greater sense of personal and moral responsibility. </div><div><br /></div><div>The efforts of the Bureau of Corrections to rehabilitate Drug dependents under its care using the TC approach are in line with its commitment to create a Drug-Free Prison. Worldwide developments in the treatment and rehabilitation of drug offenders using this therapeutic community approach have been noted to be effective in many prisons.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Introduction to Human Rights </div><div><br /></div><div>1. What are human rights? </div><div><br /></div><div>- Human rights, according to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, refers to norms that aim to protect people from political, legal, and social abuses. </div><div>- The United Nations (UN) defines human rights as universal and inalienable, interdependent and indivisible, and equal and non-discriminatory. </div><div>- Human rights are:</div><div>a. Universal and inalienable. Human rights belong to all and cannot be taken away unless specific situations call for it. However, the deprivation of a person's right is subject to due process.</div><div>b. Interdependent and indivisible. Whatever happens to even one right – fulfillment or violation – can directly affect the others. </div><div>c. Equal and non-discriminatory. Human rights protect all people regardless of race, nationality, gender, religion, and political leaning, among others. They should be respected without prejudice. </div><div>d. Human rights can also be classified under individual, collective, civil, political, economic social, and cultural. </div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>2. What laws or legal documents ensure the human rights of Filipino citizens? </div><div>- The rights of Filipinos can be found in Article III of the 1987 Philippine Constitution. Also called the Bill of Rights, it includes 22 sections that declare a Filipino citizen’s rights and privileges that the Constitution has to protect, no matter what. </div><div>- Aside from various local laws, human rights in the Philippines are also guided by the UN's International Bill of Human Rights – a consolidation of 3 legal documents including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), and the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). As one of the signatories of these legal documents, the Philippines is obliged to recognize and apply appropriate laws to ensure each right’s fulfillment.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>3. Who oversees the fulfillment and protection of human rights in the Philippines? </div><div>- Human rights are both rights and obligations, according to the UN. The state – or the government – is obliged to “respect, protect, and fulfill” these rights. </div><div>- Respect begets commitment from the state that no law should be made to interfere or curtail the fulfillment of the stated human rights. Protecting means that human rights violations should be prevented and if they exist, immediate action should be taken. - In the Philippines, the Commission on Human Rights (CHR) primarily handles the investigations of human rights violations. However, it has no power to resolve issues as stated in the Supreme Court decision in 1991. </div><div>- Established in 1986 during the administration of President Corazon Aquino, CHR is an independent body that ensures the protection of human rights guaranteed by the Bill of Rights. </div><div>- Aside from investigations, it also provides assistance and legal measures for the protection of human rights guided by Section 18 Article XIII of the Philippine Constitution.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>4. Do criminals or those who break the law still enjoy human rights? </div><div>- Criminals or those in conflict with the law are still protected by rights as indicated in many legal documents such as the Philippines’ Criminal Code and the UN’s Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>You may want to read:</div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2014/12/criminology-board-exam-coverage.html">Criminology Board Exam Coverage</a></li></ul></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>Bigwashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12735618787771477107noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69990257539071669.post-18204585995168638462023-09-12T12:34:00.007-07:002023-09-13T12:30:20.297-07:00Law Enforcement Organization and Administration (Inter-Agency Approach)<p>Law Enforcement Organization and Administration (Inter-Agency Approach)</p><p><br /></p><p>Syllabi/Table of Specification</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Explain and execute the principles of organization, management, and administration;</p><p>2. Compare and distinguish the organization of law enforcement and public safety agencies as provided under E.O. 292 Series of 1987 and other relevant laws;</p><p>3. Relate and adapt the powers, functions, and organizational structures of various law enforcement and public safety agencies.</p><p><br /></p><p>The promulgation of Republic Act 6975, otherwise known as the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG)</p><p>Act of 1990, operationalized and initiated the call for a tangible reform in the country's public safety services particularly for the uniformed bureaus under DILG.</p><div><br /></div><div>Pursuant to Republic Act No. 6975 as amended by Republic Act No. 8551, also known as "Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998". The PNP is under the administrative control and operational supervision of the National Police Commission. Meanwhile, the NAPOLCOM is an attached agency of the Department of the Interior and Local Government for policy and program coordination.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Elements of Police Organization</div><div><br /></div><div>1. Unity of Command -dictates that there should only be ONE MAN commanding the unit to ensure uniformity in the execution of orders.</div><div>2. Span of Control - the ability of one man to direct, coordinate, and control immediate subordinates.</div><div>3. Delegation of Authority - conferring of certain specified authority by a superior to subordinate.</div><div>4. Hierarchy of Authority -the relationship between superiors and subordinates.</div><div>5. Specialization -the assignment of particular personnel to particular tasks which are highly technical and require special skills and training.</div><div>6. Chain of Command -the arrangement of officers from top to bottom on the basis of rank or position and authority.</div><div>7. Command Responsibility -dictates that immediate commanders shall be responsible for the effective supervision and control of their personnel and unit.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Evolution of Policing System</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Babylonians -Principle LEX TALIONES</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Code of King Hammurabi (2100 B.C) - (oldest harsh code)</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Sumerian Code - 2300 B.C </div><div>- Sumerians Lipithstar & Eshumma -set standards on what constituted an offense against society.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Greek - Ancient Greece</div><div>- Ephori (law enforcers)</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Egyptians (1500 B.C)</div><div>-Court system presided by judges appointed by the Pharoah;</div><div>1. Marine patrol & custom house officers protecting commerce started;</div><div>2. first use of dog patrol;</div><div>3. Medjays - civilian police under the command of a military.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Emperor Justinian- created the Justinian Code which became known as Corpus Juris Civilis (Body of Law).</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Emperor Augustus - created the:</div><div>1. Praetorian Guard</div><div>2. Urban Cohorts (City Patrol) and the</div><div>3. Vigiles (fire fighters)</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Roman</div><div><br /></div><div>Ancient Rome - 12 Tabulae (12 Tables) - the first written laws</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Anglo-Saxon Period (England: 849-899)-Time of King Alfred</div><div><br /></div><div>1. Tun Policing - Tun (Town): Frankpledge system - 10 male residents as guardians of the town known as tythings (10 family representative). </div><div>In medieval England, frankpledge was a system of law enforcement and policing in which members of society were mutually responsible for the behavior of their peers.</div><div>2. Hue and Cry - Complainant shouts for the mandatory assembly of men to catch the culprit.</div><div>Horn - oldest known warning device.</div><div>3. Royal Judge - investigates and punishes</div><div>4. Trial by Ordeal - painful test of guilt/innocence.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Normal Period of Policing</div><div><br /></div><div>1. Shire-Rieve - shire (district/country) rieve (ruler) later called Sheriff - England was divided into 55 military districts under the control of a rieve.</div><div>2. Travelling Judge - renders judgment and gives punishment.</div><div>3. Legis Henri - Law of King Henri I - policemen were considered public officials.</div><div>4. Magna Carta - Magna Carta was a charter of liberties that the English Barons forced King John to sign in 1215.</div><div>5. Knights of the Round Table - beginning of national/local government and legislation.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Winchester Period</div><div><br /></div><div>1. Statute of Winchester- 1285 - Watchmen (16 heads).</div><div>2. Statute of 1295 - gate of London close at sundown - curfew system adopted.</div><div>3. Justice of the Peace - a position with power to arrest, pursue and impose punishment.</div><div>4. Star Chamber Court - special court to try offenses against the state.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Functions in a Police Organization</div><div><br /></div><div>1. Primary or Line Functions - a functions that carry out the major purposes of the organization, delivering the services and dealing directly with the public.</div><div>2. Staff/Administrative Functions - a functions that are designed to support the line functions and assist in the performance of the line functions.</div><div>3.Auxiliary Functions- functions involving the logistical operations of the organization. Examples are: </div><div>a. communication, </div><div>b.maintenance, </div><div>c.records management, </div><div>b.supplies and equipment management.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Theories of Police Service</div><div><br /></div><div><div>1. Home Rule Theory</div><div>a. policemen are regarded as servants of the community, who rely for the efficiency of their functions upon the express needs of the people.</div><div>b. policemen are civil servants whose key duty is the preservation of public peace and security.</div><div><br /></div><div>2. Continental Theory</div><div>a. policemen are regarded as servants of the higher authorities.</div><div>b. the people have no share or have little participation with the duties nor connection with the police organization.</div></div><div><br /></div></div><p>You may want to read:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2014/12/criminology-board-exam-coverage.html">Criminology Board Exam Coverage</a></li></ul><p></p>Bigwashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12735618787771477107noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69990257539071669.post-34479408755848019882023-09-12T10:52:00.017-07:002024-02-02T12:12:46.995-08:00Human Rights Education<p><b> Human Rights Education</b></p><p><b><br /></b></p><p><b>Classes of Rights</b></p><p><br /></p><p>1. Natural Rights - those possessed by every citizen without being granted by the State for they are given to man by God as a human being created in his image that he may live a happy life.</p><p><br /></p><p>2. Constitutional Rights - conferred and protected by the Constitution.</p><p><br /></p><p>3. Statutory Rights - provided by law, promulgated by the law-making body and consequently may be abolished by the same body.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><b>Classification of Constitutional Rights</b></p><p><br /></p><p>1. Political Rights - the power to participate directly or indirectly in the establishment or administration of the government.</p><p><br /></p><p>2. Civil Rights - a law that secures private individuals to secure enjoyment for their means of happiness.</p><p><br /></p><p>3. Social and Economic Rights - Intended to ensure the well-being and economic security of an individual.</p><p><br /></p><p>4. Rights of the Accused - intended to protect a person accused of any crime.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><b>Bill of Rights (Article III, 1987 Philippine Constitution)</b></p><p><br /></p><p>Section 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.</p><p><br /></p><p>What is Due Process?</p><p><br /></p><p>Any deprivation of life liberty and property by the State is with due process if it is done:</p><p>1. Under the authority of the law that is valid under the Constitution itself;</p><p>2. After compliance with fair and reasonable methods of procedure required by law.</p><p><br /></p><p>What constitutes Deprivation?</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Deprivation of life - the loss of any of the various physical and mental attributes that man must have to live as a human being. It is the very foundation of human rights.</p><p><br /></p><p>2. Deprivation of liberty - that one is duly prevented from acting as he wishes.</p><p><br /></p><p>3. Deprivation of property - when its value is destroyed or its adaptability to some legislation should be treated alike under circumstances and conditions both in the privileges conferred and liabilities imposed.</p><p><br /></p><p>What is the meaning of equal protection of the law?</p><p><br /></p><p>It signifies that all persons subject to legislation should be treated alike under the circumstances and conditions both in the privileges conferred and liabilities imposed.</p><p><br /></p><p>Section 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall</p><p>issue except upon probable cause to be determined personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce. </p><p><br /></p><p>What is a search warrant and warrant of arrest?</p><p><br /></p><p>Search Warrant - is an order in writing issued in the name of the People of the Philippines, signed by a judge and directed to a peace officer, commanding him to search for personal property described therein and bring it before the court.</p><p><br /></p><p>Warrant of Arrest - Arrest is the taking of a person into custody so that he may be bound to answer for the commission of an offense.</p><p><br /></p><p>What is its scope of protection? </p><p><br /></p><p>1. Persons - applies to every citizen of the Philippines including aliens whether accused of crime or not.</p><p>2. Houses - not limited to the dwelling but extend to a garage, warehouse, shop, store, and even a safety deposit vault.</p><p>3. Papers and effect - including sealed letters and packages in the mail which may be opened and examined only in pursuance of a search warrant.</p><p><br /></p><p>when is search and seizure unreasonable?</p><p><br /></p><p>In general, all illegal searches and seizures are unreasonable while lawful ones are reasonable.</p><p><br /></p><p>Requisites for a Valid Search Warrant or Warrant of Arrest</p><p>1. Issued upon probable cause.</p><p>2. The probable cause must be determined personally by the judge himself.</p><p>3. Such determination of the existence of probable cause must be made after examination by the judge of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce.</p><p>4. Must particularly describe the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.</p><p><br /></p><p>When search and seizure may be made without a warrant?</p><p>1. Where there is consent or waiver.</p><p>2. Where there is an incident to a lawful arrest.</p><p>3. In the case of contraband or forfeited goods being transported.</p><p>4. The possession of articles prohibited by law is disclosed to plain view or is open to the eye and hand.</p><p>5. As an incident of inspection, supervision, and regulation in the exercise of police power.</p><p>6. Routinary searches are usually made at the border or a port of entry in the interest of national security and for proper enforcement of customs and immigration laws.</p><p><br /></p><p>When arrest may be made without a warrant?</p><p><br /></p><p>1. When, in his presence, the person to be arrested has committed, is actually committing, or is attempting to commit an offense;</p><p>2. When an offense has in fact just been committed and has been personal knowledge of facts indicating that a person to be arrested has committed it;</p><p>3. when a person to be arrested is a prisoner who has escaped from a penal establishment where he is serving final judgment or temporarily confined while his case is pending, or has escaped while being transferred.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Section 3. </p><p>(1) The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except upon lawful order of the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise, as prescribed by law.</p><p>(2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section shall be inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding.</p><p><br /></p><p>Meaning of Right to privacy - The right to be left alone.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Limitations on the Right of Privacy of Communications</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Permissible interference</p><p>a. Upon lawful order of the courts or</p><p>b. When public safety or order requires otherwise as prescribed by law.</p><p><br /></p><p>2. Intervention of the court.</p><p><br /></p><p>Writ of Habeas Data Meaning:</p><p><br /></p><p>It is a judicial remedy available to any individual whose right to privacy in life, liberty, or security is violated or threatened by an unlawful act or omission of a public official, employee, or a private individual or entity engaged in gathering, collecting, or storing data or information regarding the person, family, home, and correspondence of the aggrieved party.</p><p><br /></p><p>Purpose of the Writ - to secure the privacy of an individual by way of regulating the processing of personal information or data about him.</p><p><br /></p><p>How Writ Operates - Any aggrieved party may file a petition in court for the writ of habeas data. The court shall issue the writ which shall be served upon the respondent who shall file a written return under oath with supporting affidavits.</p><p><br /></p><p>Section 4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, expression, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for redress or grievances.</p><p><br /></p><p>Freedom of Speech, and Expression, and the Press - the rights to freely utter and publish whatever one pleases without previous restraint, and to be protected against any responsibility for so doing as long as it does violate the law, injure someone's character, reputation, or business.</p><p><br /></p><p>Scope of Freedom of Expression - the rights of assembly and petition, the right to form associations or societies not contrary to the law, and the right to religious freedom.</p><p><br /></p><p>Scope of Terms, Speech, Expression, And Press</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Speech and expression cover any form of oral utterances such as protests and expression of opinion about subjects of public concern.</p><p>2. The Press covers any sort of publications as instruments for mass communication.</p><p><br /></p><p>Freedom of Expression Not Absolute</p><p>1. Subject to regulation by the state.</p><p>2. Subject one to liability when abused.</p><p><br /></p><p>Meaning of Right of Assembly and Right of Petition</p><p>1. The right of assembly means the right on the part of the citizens to meet peaceably for consultation concerning public affairs.</p><p>2. The right of petition means the right of any person or group of persons, to apply without fear of penalty to the appropriate branch or office of government for regress of grievances. </p><p><br /></p><p>Section 5. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights.</p><p><br /></p><p>Meaning of Religious Freedom - The right of a man to worship God, and to entertain such religious views as appeal to his individual conscience, without dictation or interference by any person or power, civil or ecclesiastical.</p><p><br /></p><p>Meaning of Religion - all forms of belief in the existence of superior beings exercising power over human beings and imposing rules of conduct with future state of rewards or punishments.</p><p><br /></p><p>Aspects of Religious Freedom</p><p>1. The separation of Church and State.</p><p>2. The freedom of religious profession and worship</p><p><br /></p><p>Religious Test Prohibited</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Meaning of terms</p><p><br /></p><p>a. religious test is one demanding the avowal or repudiation of a certain religious belief before the performance of any act.</p><p><br /></p><p>b. The expression of civil political rights (supra) is to be understood as including the individual rights safeguarded by the Constitution and statutory laws.</p><p><br /></p><p>Reason for Provision - without such prohibition, religious freedom becomes meaningless. The State without such a bar, notwithstanding the doctrine of its separation from the Church, could in fact accord preference to a religious organization.</p><p><br /></p><p>Section 6. The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits prescribed by law shall not be impaired except upon lawful order of the court. Neither shall the right to travel be impaired except in the interest of national security, public safety, or public health, as may be provided by law.</p><p><br /></p><p>Meaning of Liberty of Abode and Travel - It is the right of a person to have his home in whatever place chosen by him and thereafter to change it at will, and to go where he pleases, without the interference of any source.</p><p><br /></p><p>Limitations on The Right</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Permissible interference - The right is qualified by the clauses except upon lawful order of the court and except in the interest of the national security, and public safety or public health as may be provided by law.</p><p><br /></p><p>2. Intervention of the court - Note that under the second limitation, a court order is not necessary. The determination of the proper executive officer (President) is subject to judicial reviews. A person whose liberty of abode is violated may petition for a writ of habeas corpus against another holding him in detention.</p><p><br /></p><p>Section 7. The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized. Access to official records, and to documents and papers about official acts, transactions, or decisions, as well as to government research data used as a basis for policy development, shall be afforded the citizen, subject to such limitations as may be provided by law.</p><p><br /></p><p>Right to Information on Matters of Public Concern</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Access to official records for the exercise of right.</p><p>2. Arguments in support of right.</p><p>3. Constitutionality or validity of implementing law.</p><p><br /></p><p>Section 8. The right of the people, including those employed in the public and private sectors, to form unions, associations, or societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be abridged.</p><p><br /></p><p>Meaning of the Right to Form Associations - is the freedom to organize or to be a member of any group or association, union, or society, and to adopt the rules that the members judge most appropriate to achieve their purpose.</p><p><br /></p><p>Section 9. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.</p><p><br /></p><p>Purpose of Guarantee</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Undoubtedly, the purpose of the constitutional guarantee is to encourage the formation of voluntary associations so that through the cooperative activities of individuals, the nation's welfare may be advanced and the government may thereby receive assistance in its ever-increasing public service activities.</p><p><br /></p><p>2. By enabling individuals to unite in the performance of tasks, which singly they would be unable to accomplish, such associations relieve the government of vast burden.</p><p><br /></p><p>Essential or inherent powers of government</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Totality of governmental power - It is contained in three (3) great powers,</p><p>namely: the power of an eminent domain, police power, and power of taxation.</p><p>2. Similarities - These powers are similar in the following respects:</p><p><br /></p><p>a. They all rest upon necessity because there can be no effective government without them;</p><p>b. They are inherent in sovereignty; hence, they can be exercised even without being expressly granted in the Constitution although the conditions for their exercise may be regulated and limited by the Constitution and bylaw;</p><p>c. They are ways by which the State interferes with private rights and property;</p><p>d. They are all legislative in character; and</p><p>e.They all presuppose an equivalent compensation received, directly or indirectly, by the person affected by the exercise of these powers by the government.</p><p><br /></p><p>Meaning of Eminent Domain - is the right or power of the State or of those to whom the power has been lawfully delegated to take private property for public use upon paying to the owner a just compensation to be ascertained according to law.</p><p><br /></p><p>Conditions for or limitations upon its exercise</p><p>1. Existence of public use.</p><p>2. Payment of just compensation</p><p>3. Observance of due process of law in the taking.</p><p><br /></p><p>Meaning of taking</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Actual physical seizure is not essential.</p><p>2. The taking must be direct.</p><p><br /></p><p>Meaning of Police Power - has been referred to as the power of the State to enact such laws or regulations about persons and property as may promote public health, public morals, public safety, and the general welfare and convenience of the</p><p>people.</p><p><br /></p><p>Basis of police power</p><p><br /></p><p>Based on two Latin maxims, salus populi suprema est lex (the welfare of the people is the supreme law), and sic utere to ut alienum non laedas (so use your own as not to injure another's property).</p><p><br /></p><p>A. Police power laws</p><p>1. Public health</p><p>2. Public morals</p><p>3. Public safety</p><p>4. Public welfare and convenience</p><p><br /></p><p>Section 10. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed.</p><p><br /></p><p>Meaning of obligation of a contract - is the law or duty which binds the parties to perform their agreement according to its terms or intent, if it is not contrary to law, morals, good customs, public order, or public policy.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Scope of terms - law and contract</p><p><br /></p><p>1. The law, the enactment of which is prohibited, includes executive and administrative orders of the President, administrative orders issued by heads of departments, and ordinances enacted by local governments.</p><p>2. The contract, the obligation of which is secured against impairment under the Constitution, includes contracts entered into by the government.</p><p><br /></p><p>Purpose of non-impairment prohibition</p><p><br /></p><p>The prohibition is intended to protect creditors, assure the fulfillment of lawful promises, and guard the integrity of contractual obligations.</p><p><br /></p><p>Freedom to contract not absolute</p><p><br /></p><p>The freedom of contract is necessarily limited by the exercise of the police power of the State in the interest of general welfare especially given the explicit provisions in the Constitution concerning the promotion of social justice.</p><p><br /></p><p>Section 11. Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal assistance shall not be denied to any person because of poverty.</p><p><br /></p><p><b>Constitutional rights of the accused in criminal cases</b></p><p><br /></p><p>1. The right to adequate legal assistance.</p><p>2. The right, when under investigation for the commission of an offense to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have counsel.</p><p>3. The right against the use of torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation any other means that vitiates free will</p><p>4. The right against being held in secret, incommunicado, or similar forms of solitary detention.</p><p>5. The right to bail and against excessive bail.</p><p>6. The right to due process of law.</p><p>7. The right to presumption of innocence.</p><p>8. The right to be heard by himself and counsel.</p><p>9. The right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him.</p><p>10. The right to have a speedy, impartial, and public trial.</p><p>11. The right to meet the witnesses face to face.</p><p>12. The right to have a compulsory process to secure the attendance of witnesses and the production of evidence on his behalf.</p><p>13. The right against self-incrimination.</p><p>14. The right against detention because of political beliefs and aspirations.</p><p>15. The right against excessive fines.</p><p>16. The right against cruel, degrading, or inhuman punishment.</p><p>17. The right against infliction of the death penalty except for heinous crimes; and</p><p>18. The right against double jeopardy.</p><div><br /></div><div><div>Reasons for constitutional safeguards</div><div><br /></div><div>1. A criminal case, an unequal contest.</div><div>2. Criminal accusation, a very serious matter.</div><div>3. Protection of the innocent, the underlying purpose.</div><div>A. Right to free access to the courts of quasi-judicial bodies.</div><div>B. Right to adequate legal assistance.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Section 12. </div><div>(1) Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If the person</div><div>cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with one. These rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of counsel.</div><div>(2) No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate the free will shall be used against him. Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar forms of detention are prohibited</div><div>(3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17 hereof shall be inadmissible in evidence against him.</div><div>(4) The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for violations of this section as well as compensation to and rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar practices, and their families.</div><div><br /></div><div>Rights of person under investigation</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>1. To be informed of his right to remain silent</div><div>2. To have competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice or to be provided with one.</div><div>3. Against the use of torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiates free will.</div><div>4. Against being held in secret, incommunicado, or similar forms of solitary detention.</div><div><br /></div><div>Effect of violation of the rights.</div><div>1. when rights can be invoked</div><div>2. Waiver of right of silence and to counsel.</div><div><br /></div><div>Section 13. All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion perpetua when evidence of guilt is strong, shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, or be released on recognizance as may be provided by law. The right to bail shall not be impaired even when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended. Excessive bail shall not be required.</div><div><br /></div></div><div>Meaning of Bail - is the security required by a court and given for the provisional or temporary release of a person who is in the custody of the law conditioned upon his appearance before any court as required under the conditions specified.</div><div><br /></div><div><div>Purpose and form of Bail</div><div><br /></div><div>1. The purpose of requiring bail is to relieve the accused from imprisonment until his conviction and yet secure his appearance at the trials.</div><div>2. It may be in the form of a cash deposit, property bond, bond secured from a surety company, or recognizance.</div><div><br /></div><div>Meaning of Capital offense - for purposes of the above provision, is an offense which, under the law existing at the time of its commissions, and at the time of the application to be admitted to bail, may be punished with reclusion perpetua, life imprisonment, or death.</div></div><p><br /></p><p>Section 14. </p><p>(1) No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of law.</p><p>(2) In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until the contrary is proved, and shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and counsel, to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him, to have a</p><p>speedy, impartial, and public trial, to meet the witnesses face to face, and to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of witnesses and the production of evidence in his behalf. However, after arraignment, the trial may proceed notwithstanding the absence of the accused provided that he has been duly notified and his failure to appear is unjustifiable.</p><p><br /></p><p>Section 15. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in cases of invasion or rebellion when public safety requires it.</p><p><br /></p><p>Meaning of writ of habeas corpus</p><p>The writ of habeas corpus is an order issued by a court of competent jurisdiction, directed to the person detaining another, commanding him to produce the body of the prisoner at a designated time and place and to show sufficient cause for holding custody of the individual so detained.</p><p><br /></p><p>Purpose of the writ</p><p><br /></p><p>It has for its purpose to inquire into all manner of involuntary restraint or detention as distinguished from voluntary and to relieve a person therefrom if such restraint is found illegal. The writ is the proper remedy court to release in each and every case of detention without legal cause or authority. Its principal purpose then is to set individual liberty.</p><p><br /></p><p>Writ of Amparo</p><p><br /></p><p>The writ of habeas corpus is not to be confused with the writ of Amparo. Now, families of victims of extrajudicial killings and enforced disappearances (or any qualified person or entity) can invoke the writ when the right to life, liberty, or security of a person is violated or threatened with violation by an unlawful act or omission of a public official or employee or of a private individual or entity.</p><p><br /></p><p>Section 16. All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases before all judicial, quasi-judicial, or administrative bodies.</p><p><br /></p><p>Right to speedy disposition of cases</p><p>(1) The above provision upholds the time-honored tradition of speedy justice for as stated in the old dictum - "Justice delayed is justice denied.' " Its express inclusion was in response to the common charge against the perennial delay in the</p><p>administration of justice which in the past has plagued our judicial system.</p><p>(2) The right to a speedy disposition of cases can be invoked only after the termination of the trial or hearing of the case.</p><p>(3) Under the present Constitution, the Supreme Court, all lower collegiate courts, and all other lower courts are required to decide or resolve cases within a certain period.</p><p>(4) The provision contemplates the disposition of cases involving private interests not only before judicial bodies but also before quasi-judicial.</p><div><br /></div><div><div>Section 17. No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. </div><div><br /></div><div>Right against self-incrimination</div><div><br /></div><div>No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. This is a protection against self-incrimination which may expose a person to a criminal liability. It is founded on grounds of:</div><div>(1) Public Policy, because 1f the party is thus required to testify he would be placed under the strongest temptation to commit the crime of perjury; and</div><div>(2) Humanity, because it prevents the extortion of confession by duress. The constitutional guarantee protects as well the right of the accused to silence, and his silence, meaning, his failure or refusal to testify may not be used as presumption of guilt or taken as evidence against him.</div><div><br /></div><div>Scope of Guarantee</div><div><br /></div><div>The right against self-incrimination applies in criminal cases as well as in civil, administrative, and legislative proceedings where the fact asked for is a criminal one. It protects one whether he is a party or a witness.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Section 18. </div><div>(1) No person shall be detained solely because of his political beliefs and aspirations.</div><div>(2) No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Right Against Detention Solely because of Political Beliefs and Aspirations</div><div>1. Incarceration without charges of political prisoners</div><div>2. Suspension of the privilege of writ of habeas corpus even after lifting of martial law.</div><div>3. Prohibition is a guarantee against having prisoners of conscience.</div><div><br /></div><div>Meaning of Involuntary Servitude - A condition of enforced, compulsory service of one to another.</div><div>It includes:</div><div>1. Slavery</div><div>2. Peonage - is the use of laborers bound in servitude because of debt.</div><div><br /></div><div>Exceptions of Prohibitions</div><div>1. When involuntary servitude is imposed as a punishment for a crime.</div><div>2. when personal military or civil service is required of citizens.</div><div>3. To injunctions requiring striking laborers to return to work.</div><div>4. To exceptional service.</div><div>5. To exercise parents of their authority.</div><div>6. when there is a proper exercise of the police power of the State.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Section 19. </div><div>(1) Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading, or inhuman punishment inflicted. Neither shall the death penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling reasons involving heinous crimes, the Congress hereafter provides for it. Any death penalty already imposed shall be reduced to reclusion perpetua.</div><div>(2) The employment of physical, psychological, or degrading punishment against any prisoner or detainee or the use of substandard or inadequate penal facilities under subhuman conditions shall be dealt with by law.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Section 20. No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax.</div><div><br /></div><div>Meaning of Debt - as intended to be covered by the constitutional guarantee, means any liability to pay money arising out of a contract, express or implied.</div><div><br /></div><div>Meaning of Poll Taxes - a tax of a fixed amount imposed on individuals residing within a specified territory, whether citizens or not, without regard to their property or the occupation in which they may be engaged.</div><div><br /></div><div>Section 21. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same offense. If an act is punished by a law and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under either shall constitute a bar to another prosecution for the same act.</div><div><br /></div><div>Meaning of Rights Against Double Jeopardy - means that when a person is charged with an offense and the case is terminated either by acquittal or conviction or in any other manner without the express consent of the accused, the latter cannot again be charged with the same or identical offense.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Section 22. No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted.</div><div><br /></div><div>Meaning of Ex Post Facto Law</div><div>1. Makes an act done before the passage of the law, innocent when done, criminal, and punishes such act; or</div><div>2. Aggravates a crime or makes it greater than when it was committed; or</div><div>3. Changes the punishment and inflicts a greater punishment than what a law annexed to the crime when committed; or</div><div>4. Alters the legal rules of evidence, and receives less testimony than or different testimony from what the law required at the time of the commission of the offense, to convict the offender.</div><div><br /></div><div>Characteristics of Ex Post Facto Law</div><div>They are:</div><div>1. Ex-post facto laws relate to penal or criminal matters only.</div><div>2. They are retroactive in their operation; and</div><div>3. They deprived persons accused of crime of some protection or defense previously available, to their disadvantage.</div><div><br /></div><div>Meaning of Bill of Attainder - is a legislative act that inflicts punishment without a judicial trial.</div></div><div><br /></div><div>You may want to read:</div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/p/criminal-law-and-jurisprudence-review.html">Criminal Law and Jurisprudence Review Questions</a></li></ul></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>Bigwashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12735618787771477107noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69990257539071669.post-31875144275179666502023-09-12T01:19:00.004-07:002024-03-13T03:53:33.363-07:00CFLM - 2 Character Formation, Nationalism, and Patriotism Reviewer<p><b>CFLM – 2 CHARACTER FORMATION, NATIONALISM, AND PATRIOTISM </b></p><p><br /></p><p>Professional Regulation Commission</p><p><br /></p><p>Professional Regulatory Board of Criminology</p><p><br /></p><p>Syllabi/Tables of Specification - Summary of Topics </p><p><br /></p><p>The registered criminologist can perform the competencies under the following sub-topics:</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Distinguish Nationalism and Patriotism: Elements, Types, and Characteristics of Nationalism and Patriotism.</p><p>2. Identify and demonstrate the Filipino Character, Values, and Cultures, Pre-colonial, and Post-colonial era.</p><p>3. Appraise the Values of Filipino Heritage, the Filipino Language, food, sports, and music.</p><p>4. Interpret the relevant provisions of the 1987 Philippine Constitutions, e.g. Preamble, Art. I, II, XIV, XV, and XVI.</p><p>5. Recognize and uphold the provisions of R.A. 8491 “Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines.” And the IRR.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><b>Filipino Influences, Traits, and Characteristics</b></p><p><br /></p><p>The most well-known traits and attitudes of the Filipino</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><b>Positive Traits</b></p><p><br /></p><p>1. Hospitality </p><p><br /></p><p>Hospitality is a trait displayed by every Filipino, characterized by heart-warming generosity and friendliness exhibited to foreigners and locals alike. Filipinos are well-known for being hospitable. This is one of the most popular qualities of Filipinos. Most foreigners who have gone to the Philippines fell in love with the warm hospitality they have experienced while staying in the country. This is a kind of value system that existed a thousand years ago. The good thing is that the hospitality of the Filipinos is not only shown to the foreigners but to its fellow Filipinos as well.</p><p><br /></p><p>Hospitality of Filipinos is shown in the following sample situations:</p><p><br /></p><p>A. When a person visits a friend’s house, the host greets him or her with a very warm welcome. The host will immediately let their visitor sit down and will prepare a meal or snack plus drinks for the visitor. The host will insist that the friend will not leave the house with an empty stomach. A host will always make sure you have a great time visiting them.</p><p><br /></p><p>B. People offer their guest room to visitors if they’re going to spend the night.</p><p><br /></p><p>C. Meals offered to the guests are very special. A host always finds ways to prepare great-tasting food that her visitor wants to eat.</p><p><br /></p><p>2. Respect </p><p><br /></p><p>This is often observed not just by younger people but also by people of all ages. In the Philippines, respect for one’s elders is a tradition.</p><p><br /></p><p>A. Po and opo - these words are spoken by Filipinos when talking to elders, or in order to show respect to persons in authority. These Filipino words mean “yes” when answering or talking to the elders.</p><p><br /></p><p>B. Pagmamano - another way of showing respect to the elders when greeting them. This is done by putting their elder’s hands on their forehands.</p><p><br /></p><p>C. Filipinos also show respect at work by bowing to their employers.</p><p><br /></p><p>3. Strong family ties and Religious </p><p><br /></p><p>Filipinos value their families so much that they tend to keep families intact through the generations. Families go to church and pray together because their religion is important and creates a strong bond, marking God as the center of their lives. Filipinos believe in only one God and the majority of the population are Catholics. It is a value system of the Filipinos to pray before eating, going to bed, before the start of meetings, conferences of programs, gatherings, and the like.</p><p><br /></p><p>On weekends, most Filipino families make sure to have quality time together by watching television or eating a family meal, watching movies, or going to beaches or resorts.</p><p><br /></p><p>4. Generosity and Helpfulness</p><p><br /></p><p>Aside from being hospitable, Filipinos are also well-known for being generous. They share what they have with the people around them even when they only have little. These could be felt during birthdays, weddings, or fiesta(party). </p><p><br /></p><p>When visitors come to celebrate great tasting special foods are specially prepared for everyone. It is shared by friends, families, or even strangers. When you are in trouble, Filipinos cannot refuse to help you. They are always willing to assist you or lend a hand.</p><p><br /></p><p>5. Strong Work Ethics </p><p><br /></p><p>Another good thing most Filipinos have is being hardworking people. They are always willing to work almost the whole day to provide for the needs of their families. Filipino farmers earn so little but they work harder with not much compensation. </p><p><br /></p><p>Aside from their regular work, Filipinos always find creative ways to look for other sources of income like creating a small business from their home where they sell food and other items for the convenience of their neighbors.</p><p><br /></p><p>6. Loving and Caring </p><p><br /></p><p>Because of their generosity, hospitality, and religiosity, Filipinos are found to be the sweetest and most loving people in the world. </p><p><br /></p><p>It is expressed by both foreigners and Filipino women that most Filipinomen are so sweet and romantic when it comes to love, They will send their beloved flowers, bring her to a very romantic place, text her sweet quotes, and tell often how special she is to them. Filipino women are also romantic and very caring, which often makes some foreigners want to marry them. Women tend to prepare dinner for their husband comes home. They love, and value the relationship, always staying faithful to their husbands. They love deeply and sincerely.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><b>Negative Traits of Filipinos</b></p><p><br /></p><p>1. Fatalism ("Bahala Na" or “Come what may” attitude) </p><p><br /></p><p>When Filipinos are facing difficulties and shortcomings they have this attitude of leaving it up to God to sort things out. An attitude of "What GoesAround Comes Around." Filipinos have a tendency to surrender the future to luck. They have that strong confidence that everything will work out in their interest without doing anything. Filipinos often accept bad news or circumstances without trying to stop or change them. This can sometimes be helpful in adversity, but it can also keep us from finding ways out of situations. Also, constantly expecting the worst can get pretty depressing.</p><p><br /></p><p>2. Mañana Habit (Procrastination) </p><p><br /></p><p>True-blooded Filipinos have the attitude of causing delays in accomplishing things or making transactions. When not interested or not in the mood, they wait or reserve until tomorrow or the next day to finish what they are doing or meet their transactions. However, there are some Filipinos nowadays who take their time in doing things or in making decisions promptly. There are some who are habitually late or not showing up at all. There are few Filipinos who are punctual for social meetings. In fact, it is not expected of them to arrive exactly on time, especially at a party. </p><p><br /></p><p>The "bahala na" attitude is the outcome of the "mañana habit when the tasks are left undone. This is usually shown and even expressed by people who do not care much about what lies ahead and just leave everything to fate.</p><p><br /></p><p>3. Crab Mentality </p><p><br /></p><p>This is an attitude of some Filipinos where they tend to push each other down to clear the way for their own gain. Filipino people with this kind of mentality or attitude try their best to ruin each other, either by making issues against the other for him to turn out bad to the public or to the company or organization so that people will gradually put distance and lose their confidence and trust that eventually result to their replacement.</p><p><br /></p><p>4. Hypocrisy </p><p><br /></p><p>This is a trait of the Filipino where criticisms of others' failure to live with the moral standards of the society are inevitable. In the Philippinesmorality is highly valued, and most of us try to live up to the standards set by the traditional society. However, as no one is perfect, many of us are not actually able to sustain these standards. The fear of being an outcast has forced a lot of people to live a double-standard life. To hide our failure in following a norm, we tend to be condemning those who are caught red-handed. A perfect example could be the criticisms faced by those who become pregnant outside of marriage. The sad fact behind this scenario is that some of these critics could have actually engaged in premarital sex only no proof is visible.</p><p><br /></p><p>5. Ningas Cogon </p><p><br /></p><p>Most Filipinos are very good at the start when doing something. Nevertheless, after a few hours or days, that excitement to do or accomplish something is lost we and become too lazy to finish what were have started.</p><p><br /></p><p>6. Tardiness (Filipino time) </p><p><br /></p><p>Only in the Philippines that we have the so-called "Filipino time" but not exactly refer to the Philippine standard time, but then again we use it to refer to the "tardiness" of the persons that we are wailing about or who keep on coming late to the set time schedule of events. Instead of being something to be proud of, Filipino time' brings a negative impression to our people. When the invitation says the program will start at 7pm, it is expected to begin at 9pm. This has not only caused conflicts in relationships, it also discourages others including foreigners from getting involved in supposedly productive activities as too much time can be wasted on waiting.</p><p><br /></p><p>7. Gossiping </p><p><br /></p><p>Filipinos are fond of talking about others' business. It is not true that only women are into gossiping. Even men can also be nosy in other people's lives. Secrets are brought out; failures and flaws are emphasized; and relationships are destroyed. Worse, as gossip is passed around, it tends to be twisted until the final story becomes too far from the original, causing more damage.</p><p><br /></p><p>8. Blaming </p><p><br /></p><p>Filipinos can sometimes be too self-righteous. When mistakes happen, we do not want to take the blame, we lack the humility to accept our failures, and instead, we point at others. This shows how irresponsible we are in our actions. This attitude destroys teamwork, and reliability becomes an issue.</p><p><br /></p><p>9. Selfishness (being insensitive to others) </p><p><br /></p><p>Most Filipinos are insensitive to the needs and situations of others. This could be an outcome of having too many problems that Filipinos are facing and the tendency is to focus on their own needs first before others.</p><p><br /></p><p>10. Disobedience to Simple Rules and Instructions </p><p><br /></p><p>Some Filipinos, despite the understanding of the purpose of laws and ordinances, are inability to observe and follow them. Consequently, -crime victimization and accident rates in the Philippines are constantly rising, poverty is getting more rampant, and lifestyle development is relaxed.</p><p><br /></p><p>11. Attention Taker </p><p><br /></p><p>Filipinos are a fun and people-loving race. Thus, attracting attention is natural for them. Nevertheless, it is a different thing to be an "epal" or simply, be an attention grabber. </p><p><br /></p><p>Sometimes, in our desperate need to be the center of attention, we do things that are already embarrassing like butting in conversations as a know-it-all or by being scandalous. This habit is also common to our politicians. Instead of prioritizing their duty to give the best service to the people, they rather prioritize their thick faces 'to grab attention that will bring them more chance of winning in the next election. But thanks to our vigilant netizens, this kind of politician has more shame than fame.</p><p><br /></p><p>12. Being onion-skinned or too sensitive </p><p><br /></p><p>Another habit or attitude that we need to change is our being too proud which usually results in thinking highly of ourselves, we have the tendency to put a wall around us and a signboard on our forehead "I must be respected.”Therefore, when someone makes a joke or not a positive comment about us we feel like we are not respected and we get offended. If all people in the country do not know how to accept constructive criticism, then we can never expect unity. </p><p><br /></p><p>13. Living beyond their means (social climbing) </p><p><br /></p><p>One of the reasons why a lot of Filipinos live in poverty is because of overspending. Since most people Want to live an elite lifestyle, many resort to social climbing or living beyond their means. Sometimes, some of us think that as long as we wear designer clothes and shoes, and send our children to the most expensive schools, it is alright to be swimming in credits and loans.</p><p><br /></p><p>14. Passivity (lack of leadership) </p><p><br /></p><p>Filipinos' lack of initiative for change is also one reason why our country does not progress. We keep on complaining about the government and other societal issues. However, we do not do anything about them. One of our excuses is the lack of faith that our small actions can bring change. However, the worst reason for this could be our lack of care for what is happening around us. Common Filipinos also lack courage and confidence. If you can notice it, in classrooms, churches, Or "conference rooms, most of us don't like to sit in the front seat.</p><p><br /></p><p>15. Other Negative Traits </p><p><br /></p><p>Some Filipino women give birth at an early age *16 (Teenage Pregnancy). Some just don't mind their own business. Some have many bad habits, like drinking, smoking, Some poor teenagers engage in prostitution. There are many broken families. A lot of bad words to choose from which Filipino in can't avoid saying those. Most Filipinos tend to be with friends most of the time than to be with their Parents.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>FILIPINO CHARACTER AND PERSONALITY </p><p>THREE MAIN TRAITS UNDERSCORING FILIPINO VALUES</p><p>(excerpted from the Philippines-Australia Business Council)</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Personalism </p><p><br /></p><p>Filipinos value interpersonal relationships. It is firmly believed that harmonious personal relationship is the key to successful endeavors. Amicable settlement of disputes is the primary means of restoring broken relationships and a face-to-face open forum is considered once conflict is recognized in an organization or the community.</p><p><br /></p><p>2. Familialism </p><p><br /></p><p>Filipinos are family-oriented. Development programs and projects in the community are concentrated on the family. Decision on matters is centered on the welfare and best interest of the family rather than on the betterment and interest of some individuals. The mistakes committed by a family member affect the credibility of the immediate members of the family and relatives. </p><p><br /></p><p>3. Particularism</p><p><br /></p><p>Displayed behavior by the individuals may it be good or bad is blamed on the family. It is based on the principle that home is the cradle of human personality and character that is, the product of goodness is always good and those who are molded in wickedness will always show off badness. Individuals strive to promote their own and their family’s interests over community interests.</p><p><br /></p><p>On the other hand, knowing how to entertain people (marunong umasikaso ng kapwa) is important. Conformity to proper codes of conduct reaps the rewards of cooperation and assistance; non-conformity is punished by withdrawal of support.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><b>Filipino Values Orientation </b></p><p><br /></p><p>Values Orientation - Is the approach that may influence Work or social relationships by persons relating to objects, events, and ideas.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>THREE MAIN OBLIGATIONS UNDERLYING FILIPINO VALUE ORIENTATION </p><p><br /></p><p>The relational or face-to-face interactions and their resulting responsibilities are called interpersonal obligations. This is in relation to the value in Filipino cultural orientation, personalism. Pakikiramay,pakikisama, bayanihan, and galang are the nature of interpersonalrelationships that are inherent to the pure-blooded Filipino people.</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Pakikiramay- It is in the Filipino value of going out of the way to help, without being asked, i.e., unsolicited help.</p><p>2. Pakikisama (Smooth Interpersonal Relations)- Regardless of whether someone's views are agreeable or not, Filipinos are capable of getting along with them. Camaraderie, trust, confidence, and loyalty are enhanced and developed by this Filipino</p><p>3. Bayanihan- As mentioned in the preceding topics, Filipinos are able to render services and are generous enough to extend help without compensation. Somebody can request help in time of need from those to whom it is extended</p><p>4. Galang (respect)- Filipinos are basically oriented to revere the opinions of elders, peers, or those in authority, during important discussions during social; encounters. Verbal clashes or any sign of extreme familiarity in public meetings is a sign of disrespect to elders or persons in authority.</p><p><br /></p><p><b>R.A. No. 8491</b> - This act shall be known as the “Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines.”</p><p><br /></p><p>Philippine Symbols That Promotes A Sense Of Nationalism</p><p><br /></p><p>Symbols are very, very important to people in quite a lot of countries, especially if these symbols are related to a sense of nationalism. The officially recognized national symbols of the Philippines are:</p><p><br /></p><p>1. The Philippine Flag with red, white, and blue colors and a yellow sun representing the provinces of the country.</p><p><br /></p><p>2. Coat of Arms of the Philippines also features the yellow sun with 8 rays depicting the original provinces in the Philippines.</p><p><br /></p><p>3. Lupang Hinirang (Chosen Land) - The Philippine National Anthem.</p><p><br /></p><p>4, Sampaguita (Jasminum Sambac) - The national flower of the Philippines; symbolizing purity and simplicity, the flower is small, white, and pleasantly fragrant.</p><p><br /></p><p>5. Narra (Pterocarpus) - The national tree of the Philippines; also known as Rosewood, it is strong, sturdy, and durable - a common rainforest tree.</p><p><br /></p><p>6. Philippine Eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi)- The Philippines national bird. It is acknowledged to be severely endangered. The Philippine Eagle is protected by law in the country and there is extreme punishment for any harm done to them.</p><p><br /></p><p>7. Dr. Jose P. Rizal - The National Hero of the Philippines.</p><p><br /></p><p>8. Cariñosa or Tinikling - The Philippine national dance. Gracefulness is symbolized by this dance.</p><p><br /></p><p>9. Carabao (water buffalo) - The Philippine national animal. It symbolizes industriousness and hard work due to its use on many farms in the country.</p><p><br /></p><p>10. Bangus (milkfish) - The Philippines' national fish. It symbolizes versatility, because of the many ways in which it can be cooked.</p><p><br /></p><p>11. Mango - The national fruit. Philippine mangoes are considered the sweetest fruit in the world.</p><p><br /></p><p>12. Barong - The Philippine national costume or fang style for men - (not tucked shirt of thin fabric displaying Chinese, Indo-Malayan tropical, and Hindu influences) for Women: Baro't Saya skirt and blouse with no collar.</p><p><br /></p><p>13. "Bayan Ko" and "Pilipinas Kong Mahal" are the Philippine national songs.</p><p><br /></p><p>14. Arnis - The Philippine national sport (stick fighting.)</p><p><br /></p><p>15. Anahaw (Livistona rotundifolia) - The Philippine national plant. This plant is often used as a hat, umbrella, or fan symbolizing Filipino resourcefulness.</p><p><br /></p><p>16. Nipa Hut - The Philippine national house: typically a small bamboo house with a thatched roof.</p><p><br /></p><p>You may want to read:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/p/criminal-law-sitemap.html">Criminal Law</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/p/law-enforcement-administration-review.html">Law Enforcement Administration Review Questions</a></li></ul><p></p>Bigwashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12735618787771477107noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69990257539071669.post-88540566105169602202023-09-11T05:34:00.006-07:002023-09-20T16:38:22.256-07:00Theories of Crime Causation<p><b>Theories of Crime Causation</b></p><p><b><br /></b></p><p><b>Syllabi/Table of Specifications</b></p><p>The registered criminologist can perform the competencies under the following sub-topics:</p><p>1. Recall and explain the fundamentals of crime causation with emphasis on biological or medical, psychological, psychiatric, and sociological determinism</p><p>2. Enumerate and distinguish biological and psychological theories of crime causation.</p><p>3. Apply and illustrate sociological and economic theories in understanding the causes of crimes.</p><p>4. Explain and correlate bio-psychosocial theories of the causes of crimes.</p><p></p><p>5. Understanding theories on female offenders.</p><p><br /></p><p>THE (UN) HOLY THREE (3) OF CRIMINOLOGY</p><p>1. Cesare Lombroso </p><p>2. Enrico Ferri </p><p>3. Raffaele Garofalo</p><p><br /></p><p> THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION:</p><p><b>1. Biological Theory</b> - This refers to the set of theories that point to physical, physiological and other natural factors as the causes of the commission of crimes for certain individuals. This explanation for the existence of criminal traits associates an individual's evil disposition with physical disfigurement or impairment.</p><p><br /></p><p>A. Physiognomy- the study of facial features and their relation to human behaviour. This is according to Giambiatista dela Porta, the founder of human physiognomy, where criminal behaviour may be predicted based on the facial features of the person. Johann Kaspar Lavater supported dela Porta on his belief and in addition, he claimed that a person's character is revealed through his facial characteristics.</p><p><br /></p><p>B. Phrenology, Craniology, or Cranioscopy- the study of the external formation of the skull in relation to the person's personality and tendencies toward criminal behaviour. It was Franz Joseph Gall who developed cranioscopy which was later renamed "phrenology". Johann Kaspar Spurzheim was an assistant of Gall in the study of phrenology. He was the man most responsible for popularizing and spreading phrenology to a wide audience.</p><p><br /></p><p>C. Physiology or Somatotype- refers to the study of the body build of a person in relation to his temperament and personality and the type of offences he is most prone to commit.</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Ernst Kretschmer- he distinguished the principal types of physiques:</p><p>a. Asthenic- characterised as thin, small and weak.</p><p>b. Athletic- muscular and strong.</p><p>c. Pyknic- stout, round and fat</p><p>d. Dysplastic- a combination of 2 body types</p><p><br /></p><p>2. William Sheldon- formulated his own group of somatotypes:</p><p>a. Ectomorph- tall and thin and less social, more intellectual than other types.</p><p>b. Mesomorph- have well-developed muscles and an athletic appearance.</p><p>c. Endomorph- heavy builds and slow-moving.</p><p><br /></p><p>D. Heredity- the transmission of traits from parents to children.</p><p><br /></p><p>1. Richard Louis Dugdale - conducted the study of the Jukes family by researching their family tree as far back as 200 years. He discovered that most of the ascendants of the Jukes were criminals.</p><p>2. Henry Goddard - he traced the descendants of Martin Kallikak from each of his two wives and found a distinct difference in terms of the quality of life of the descendants. He coined the term "moron".</p><p>3. Charles Goring - believed that criminal traits can be passed from parents to children through genes. He proposed that individuals who possess criminal characteristics should be prohibited from having children.</p><p><br /></p><p>INTELLIGENCE AS A FACTOR IN CRIMINALITY</p><p>Alfred Binet- a French Psychologist who developed the first IQ test. This test measured the capacity of individual children to perform tasks or solve problems in relation to the average capacity of their peers.</p><p><br /></p><p><b><br /></b></p><p><b>2. Psychological Theory</b> - This refers to the theories that attribute criminal behaviour of individuals to psychological factors, such as emotional and mental problems.</p><p><br /></p><p>Sigmund Freud- he is recognized as the "Father of Psychoanalysis/ Psychodynamics". According to him, criminality is caused by the imbalance of the three components of personality: ID, EGO, and SUPEREGO.</p><p><br /></p><p>a. ID- This stands for instinctual drives; it is governed by the "pleasure principle", the id impulses are not social and must be repressed or adapted so that they may become socially acceptable.</p><p><br /></p><p>b.. EGO- This is considered to be the sensible and responsible part of an individuals personality and is governed by the "reality principle", It is developed early in life and compensates for the demands of the ID by helping the individual guide his actions to remain within the boundaries of accepted social behaviour, it is the objective, rational part of the personality.</p><p><br /></p><p>c. SUPEREGO- serves as the moral conscience of an individual; it is structured by what values were taught by the parents, the school and the community, as well as belief in God; it is largely responsible for making a person follow the moral code of society.</p><p><br /></p><p><b><br /></b></p><p><b>3. Sociological Theory</b> - refers to things, places and people with whom we come in contact and which play a part in determining our actions and conduct. These causes may bring about the development of criminal behaviour.</p><p><br /></p><p>a. Emile Durkheim- he stated that crime is a normal part of our society just like birth and death. He proposed the concept of "anomie" or the "absence of social norms". It is characterized by disorder due to a lack of respect for authority and a lack of appreciation for what is acceptable and not acceptable in society.</p><p><br /></p><p>b. Gabriel Tarde- introduced the "theory of imitation "which proposes the process by which people become criminals. According to his theory, individuals imitate the behaviour of other individuals based on the degree of their association with other individuals and it is inferior or weak who tend to imitate the superior and strong.</p><p><br /></p><p>c. Adolph Ouetelet and Andre Michael Guerry- repudiated the free-will doctrine of the classicists. The founder of the "Cartographic School of Criminology", the founder of moral statistics. The Cartographic School of Criminology made use of statistical data such as population, gender, age, occupation, religious affiliations and social-economic status and studies their influences and relationships to criminality.</p><p><br /></p><p>MODERN SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION</p><p>- environmental factors such as the kind of rearing or family upbringing, quality of teaching in school, influences of peers and friends, conditions of the neighborhood, and economic and other societal factors are believed to be contributory to crime and criminal behavior.</p><p><br /></p><p>1. SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORIES</p><p>- refers not only to the physical features of the communities but also to the way society is organized.</p><p>- include such things as the level of poverty and unemployment and the amount of crowded housing which are believed to affect the behavior and attitudes of individuals which in turn contribute to their commission of crimes.</p><p>- also called the social environment</p><p>- includes social disorganization theory, strain theory, and cultural deviance theory.</p><p><br /></p><p>a. Social Disorganization Theory</p><p>- popularized by Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay.</p><p>- according to this theory, crimes in urban areas are more prevalent because residents have impersonal relationships with each other.</p><p>- increase in the number of broken families and single parenthood are also very common in disorganized communities.</p><p>- another feature of a disorganized community is poverty as evidenced by poor living conditions such as rundown houses, unsanitary and unsightly streets, and high unemployment rates.</p><p><br /></p><p>b. Strain Theory</p><p>- strain refers to the individual’s frustration, anger, and resentment.</p><p>- holds that crime is a function of the conflict between the goals people have and the means they can use to legally obtain them. This also argues that the ability to obtain these goals is class dependent; members of the lower class are unable to achieve these goals which come easily to those belonging to the upper class. Consequently, they feel anger, frustration, and resentment, referred to as STRAIN.</p><p><br /></p><p>c. Cultural Deviance Theory</p><p>- gives emphasis on the concept of culture and sub-culture.</p><p>- according to this theory, because people in the lower class feel isolated due to extreme deprivation or poverty, they tend to create a sub-culture with its own set of rules and values. This is characterized by deviant behavior which results in criminal behavior among its members.</p><p><br /></p><p>2. SOCIAL PROCESS THEORY</p><p>-refers to a group of theories that point to the individual’s socialization process as the cause of the commission of crimes. These theories cite interaction with people and experiences and exposure to different elements in the environment as primary factors to criminality.</p><p>- under this theory is the social learning theory which in turn has three (3) sub-theories: differential association theory, differential reinforcement theory and neutralization theory.</p><p><br /></p><p>a. Differential Association Theory</p><p>- formulated by Edwin Sutherland</p><p>- this theory states that criminal behavior is learned through socialization.</p><p>- criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication.</p><p><br /></p><p>b. Differential Reinforcement Theory</p><p>- according to this theory, an individual’s behavior depends on how people around him react towards his behavior.</p><p>- an act that is rewarded is repeated; an act that is punished will be avoided.</p><p><br /></p><p>c. Neutralization Theory</p><p>- introduced by David Matza and Gresham Sykes.</p><p>- sometimes referred to as “drift theory”</p><p>- according to this theory, people know when they are doing something wrong, however, they rationalize and justify their actions. This rationalizing is what we call “neutralization”.</p><p><br /></p><p>3. SOCIAL REACTION THEORY</p><p>- more commonly called labeling theory.</p><p>- it states that people become criminals when significant members of society label them as such and they accept those labels as a personal identity.</p><p><br /></p><p>4. SOCIAL CONTROL THEORIES</p><p>- maintain that everyone has the potential to become criminal but most people are controlled by their bonds to society.</p><p>- social control refers to the agencies of social control such as family, school, religion or church, government and laws, and other identified authorities in society.</p><p>- there are two (2) sub-theories: containment theory and social bond theory.</p><p><br /></p><p>a. Containment Theory</p><p>- proposed by Walter Reckless</p><p>- he stated that inner and outer containments help prevent juvenile offending.</p><p>- containment means the forces within and outside the individual that has the power to influence his actions.</p><p>- inner containments include a positive self-concept, tolerance for frustration, and an ability to set realistic goals.</p><p>- outer containments include family.</p><p><br /></p><p>b. Social Bond Theory</p><p>- propagated by Travis Hirschi</p><p>- this theory views crime as a result of individuals with weakened bonds to social institutions.</p><p>- according to this theory, there are four (4) elements of social bonds: attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.</p><p>1. attachment – refers to the degree to which an individual cares about the opinions of others.</p><p>2. commitment – refers to an individual’s investment of energy and emotion in conventional pursuits, such as getting good grades.</p><p>3. involvement – refers to the amount of time an individual spends on a conventional pursuit.</p><p>4. belief – refers to acceptance of the norms of conventional society.</p><div><br /></div><div><div>CRIME STATISTICS</div><div>- refers to the measure of the level or amount of crimes.</div><div>- The collection or study of numerical data of crimes recorded/reported to the police.</div><div>- it uses the terms index crimes and non-index crimes in classifying crimes.</div><div><br /></div><div>Index crimes - are crimes which are sufficiently significant and which occur with sufficient regularity to be meaningful, such as murder, homicide, physical injury, robbery, theft and rape.</div><div><br /></div><div>Non-index crimes - are crimes that are not classified as index crimes. Violations of special laws and other crimes against moral and order. These crimes are generated from the result of positive police initiated operations.</div><div><br /></div><div>STATISTICAL FORMULA:</div><div><br /></div><div>1. Crime Solution Efficiency (CSE) – percentage of solved cases out of the total number of reported crime incidents handled by the police for a given period of time. It is a general measure of law enforcement agency’s investigative capability or efficiency.</div><div><br /></div><div>2. Crime Rate – the number of incidents in a given period of time for every 100, 000 inhabitants of an area/place.</div><div><br /></div><div>3. Average Monthly Crime Rate (AMCR) – the average number of crime incidents occurred per month for every 100, 000 inhabitants in a certain area.</div><div><br /></div><div>4. Variance (or % change) – one way of analyzing crime trends. It measures the percentage change over a given period of time.</div><div><br /></div><div>5. Crime Analysis</div><div>a. Percentage Share of Crime Volume of a Certain Area.</div><div>b. Percentage Share of the Occurrence of a Type of Crime.</div></div><div><br /></div><p>You may want to read:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2014/07/introduction-to-criminology-reviewer.html">Introduction to Criminology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/p/criminal-law-sitemap.html">Criminal Law</a></li></ul><p></p>Bigwashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12735618787771477107noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69990257539071669.post-59882496086090698982023-08-18T11:36:00.004-07:002023-09-03T03:46:26.796-07:00Questioned Document Review Questions and Answers<p><b> Questioned Document Review Questions and Answers</b></p><p><br /></p><p>1. A document that is being questioned because of its origin, its contents, the circumstances, or the stories of its production.</p><p> A. disputed document</p><p> B. standard document</p><p> C. requested document</p><p> D. questioned document</p><p><br /></p><p> Answer: questioned document</p><p><br /></p><p>2. The art of beautiful writing is known as</p><p> A. drafting</p><p> B. calligraphy</p><p> C. art appreciation</p><p> D. gothic</p><p> </p><p> Answer: calligraphy</p><p><br /></p><p>3. Any written instrument by which a right or obligation is established.</p><p> A. document</p><p> B. subpoena</p><p> C. warrant</p><p> D. letter</p><p><br /></p><p> Answer: document</p><p><br /></p><p>4. It is considered the most skillful class of forgery.</p><p> A. carbon tracing</p><p> B. simple forgery</p><p> C. simulated or copied forgery</p><p> D. traced forgery</p><p><br /></p><p> Answer: simulated forgery</p><p><br /></p><p>5. A condensed and compact set of authentic specimens which is adequate and proper, should contain a cross-section of the material from known sources.</p><p> A. disguised document</p><p> B. questioned document </p><p> C. standard document</p><p> D. requested document</p><p><br /></p><p> Answer: standard document</p><p><br /></p><p>6. A method of characterizing handwriting by measurement of the proportionate values of the angle and ratio of the heights and widths of letters.</p><p> A. Graphometry </p><p> B. Graphology</p><p> C. Haplography</p><p> D. Graphonomics</p><p><br /></p><p> Answer: Graphometry</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>7. The art of attempting to interpret the character of personality of an individual from his handwriting, also called grapho-analysis.</p><p> A. Graphometry</p><p> B. Graphology</p><p> C. Haplography</p><p> D. Graphonomics </p><p><br /></p><p> Answer: Graphology</p><p><br /></p><p>8. The unintentional omission in writing or copying of one or more adjacent and similar letters, syllables, words, or lines.</p><p> A. Graphometry</p><p> B. Graphology</p><p> C. Haplography </p><p> D. Graphonomics</p><p><br /></p><p> Answer: Haplography</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>9. The study of the science and technology of handwriting and other graphic skills (coined in 1982). </p><p> A. Graphonomics </p><p> B. Graphology</p><p> C. Haplography</p><p> D. Graphonomics</p><p><br /></p><p> Answer: Graphonomics </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>10. A registered trade name that identifies the system of handwriting analysis taught by the International Graphoanalysis Society Inc.</p><p> A. Graphonomics</p><p> B. Graphoanalysis </p><p> C. Haplography</p><p> D. Graphology</p><p><br /></p><p> Answer: Graphoanalysis </p><p><br /></p><p>You may want to read:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2014/10/criminology-board-exam-reviewer-question-answer.html">Criminology Board Exam Reviewer Question and Answer</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/p/criminal-law-sitemap.html">Criminal Law</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2014/10/questioned-document-examination-reviewer.html">Questioned Document Terminologies</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2014/06/criminal-law-reviewer-book-1.html">Criminal Law Book 1 Terminologies</a></li></ul><p></p>Bigwashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12735618787771477107noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69990257539071669.post-25239651269616185542022-08-26T23:36:00.001-07:002022-08-26T23:36:16.789-07:00PNP Internal Affairs Service<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjONsVN1s2X1b_yHmQINVbao1ALpDOiKrjSb693rNpJsj0ZSwNeYs9LMpQzStxGymWTw8a8LZSBiUPVg8py5Yhyizo7U9HHWX-fc3K74pineHo9teHkvAcBor2uVd2e2XFkWB3f3FU1n0HHQBfyBxf-p9j5wJ9xqm1Sf7yTv0vO_WiPsw8vl0lgW0XY/s960/pnp-internal-affairs-service.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="PNP Internal Affairs Service" border="0" data-original-height="679" data-original-width="960" height="452" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjONsVN1s2X1b_yHmQINVbao1ALpDOiKrjSb693rNpJsj0ZSwNeYs9LMpQzStxGymWTw8a8LZSBiUPVg8py5Yhyizo7U9HHWX-fc3K74pineHo9teHkvAcBor2uVd2e2XFkWB3f3FU1n0HHQBfyBxf-p9j5wJ9xqm1Sf7yTv0vO_WiPsw8vl0lgW0XY/w640-h452/pnp-internal-affairs-service.webp" title="PNP Internal Affairs Service" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p>PNP Internal Affairs Service 23rd Founding Anniversary</p><p><br /></p><p>IAS is the nation’s lead agency in the campaign against all forms of misconduct in the PNP. Since its creation in 1998, the Service, as a recommendatory body, has conducted independent and impartial investigations concerning the police force.</p><p><br /></p><p>From only 2.5% case resolution efficiency in 2015, IAS posted 100% case resolution efficiency in 2021 as a direct result of the zero case backlog policy of the PNP-IAS leadership.</p><p><br /></p><p>The Internal Affairs Service (IAS) of the Philippine National Police (PNP) celebrates its 23rd Founding Anniversary with the theme: IAS@23: Kasangga ng Mamamayan sa Karapatan, Kabalikat sa Pagbabago ng Kapulisan in simple and fitting ceremonies at the PNP Multi-Purpose Center (MPC), Camp BGen Rafael T Crame, Quezon City.</p><p><br /></p><p>HONORABLE ROMEO S MOMO, SR, Representative, 1st District of Surigao del Sur was Guest of Honor and Speaker (GOHS) of the event. </p><p><br /></p><p>Assisted by IAS Inspector General, Atty Alfegar Triambulo, he presented the Gawad Inspector General Awards and Special Awards to outstanding IASS UNIT personnel and other distinguished individuals.</p><p><br /></p><p>On the heels of its 23rd-anniversary rites, IAS held the First Strategic Command Conference CY 2022 presided by Inspector General ATTY. ALFEGAR M TRIAMBULO and attended by Deputy Inspector General PMGEN REX L URBANO, National IAS Division Chiefs, and Key Officers. Awards will also be presented to members of the PNP Forensic Group and IAS ISO Quality Management Team.</p><p><br /></p><p>You may want to read:</p><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2014/10/comparative-police-system-reviewer.html">Comparative Police System</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2014/11/police-patrol-reviewer.html">Police Patrol</a></li></ul></div>Bigwashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12735618787771477107noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69990257539071669.post-73821039890008559562022-08-20T11:35:00.003-07:002022-08-20T11:35:48.180-07:002nd PMFC Misamis Occidental <p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin-XUJ11w4_k_m1Sb1aSTJz_6VI3ju84AI8dob8ZZNqR4aMnRXqwth89G-avmz1t-JVHF6e0ANZoTNIz_2GTbDt9Hs14AQnWn0UAcl51TXjm4WZtaFQFrNM5ZlmOC896gQMaaJKv9fLKol9SAJHtenwm_5fWcMcxAZETT0WWXcCDyM7naOJUlHNxBC/s680/2nd-pmfc-misamis-occidental.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="2nd PMFC Misamis Occidental" border="0" data-original-height="680" data-original-width="680" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin-XUJ11w4_k_m1Sb1aSTJz_6VI3ju84AI8dob8ZZNqR4aMnRXqwth89G-avmz1t-JVHF6e0ANZoTNIz_2GTbDt9Hs14AQnWn0UAcl51TXjm4WZtaFQFrNM5ZlmOC896gQMaaJKv9fLKol9SAJHtenwm_5fWcMcxAZETT0WWXcCDyM7naOJUlHNxBC/w640-h640/2nd-pmfc-misamis-occidental.webp" title="2nd PMFC Misamis Occidental" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p>2nd PMFC Misamis Occidental | @secondpmfc_2</p><p><br /></p><p>2nd Provincial Mobile Force Company Misamis Occidental</p><p><br /></p><blockquote><p>Investment scams involve promises of big payouts, quick money, or guaranteed returns. Always be suspicious of any investment opportunities that promise a high return with little or no risk - if it seems too good to be true, it probably is - and is highly likely to be a scam.</p></blockquote><p><br /></p><p>2nd PMFC Misamis Occidental Contact Details:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Facebook: 2ndpmfcmisocc</li><li>Twitter: secondpmfc_2</li><li>Phone Number: 0999-951-8335 | 0975-8069-218</li></ul><p></p><p><br /></p><p>You may want to read:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2022/07/pudtol-police-station.html">Pudtol Police Station</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2022/08/tadian-police-station.html">Tadian Police Station</a></li></ul><p></p>Bigwashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12735618787771477107noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69990257539071669.post-75231555470442136372022-08-17T03:33:00.001-07:002022-08-20T11:37:25.162-07:00Galimuyod Police Station<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht8phWJHgWjP08OOWKTZ3mpyzCMNajDaHOq_Ut4v4k0HL_pkm78MOw5l-Fk_vZ5P9ndLFwxDNRuiANghhkoUNRSwx3-_c1lRX0ZYpxm5qQ-TZXkT7ozGMxBQZyZkvaqoNBsacjSHE5CS5cMbLZGX9sVW0N9uk7Y8qnq48zdieOReztQ17NhrTaYBas/s680/galimuyod-police-station.webp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Galimuyod Police Station" border="0" data-original-height="680" data-original-width="680" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht8phWJHgWjP08OOWKTZ3mpyzCMNajDaHOq_Ut4v4k0HL_pkm78MOw5l-Fk_vZ5P9ndLFwxDNRuiANghhkoUNRSwx3-_c1lRX0ZYpxm5qQ-TZXkT7ozGMxBQZyZkvaqoNBsacjSHE5CS5cMbLZGX9sVW0N9uk7Y8qnq48zdieOReztQ17NhrTaYBas/w640-h640/galimuyod-police-station.webp" title="Galimuyod Police Station" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p>Galimuyod Police Station</p><p><br /></p><blockquote><p>Muli na naman tayong magbabayanihan upang maitaguyod ang dekalidad na edukasyon para sa lahat!</p></blockquote><p> </p><p>Contact Details:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Facebook: @GalimuyodPNP</li><li>Twitter: @gal_pnp</li><li>Phone Number: 0906-477-6026 | 0998-598-5071</li></ul><p></p><div><br /></div><div>You may want to read:</div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2022/07/pudtol-police-station.html">Pudtol Police Station</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2022/07/tayum-police-station.html">Tayum Police Station</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2022/08/2nd-pmfc-misamis-occidental.html">2nd PMFC Misamis Occidental </a></li></ul></div>Bigwashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12735618787771477107noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69990257539071669.post-86608650998536563382022-08-08T12:51:00.005-07:002022-08-17T03:34:34.737-07:00Tadian Police Station<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYxkaTquRiSX7vmj-B_jL4uJjn9N67BzRGpllmJg4dNkkF_L13nEm39CajJgozZ4aZwz9PNztH-WJkU_d7pnAt6VfrOPt5pn_jr84P5OZ3WY6BUTCPUIxab5Gl_B9HhrZgOEPRRt4_IKebkyr2PQ2aMGLJPf4Vu4tR2WX4olwHqPBiQpXi5P7bwMCA/s680/tadian-police-station.webp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Tadian Police Station" border="0" data-original-height="680" data-original-width="680" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYxkaTquRiSX7vmj-B_jL4uJjn9N67BzRGpllmJg4dNkkF_L13nEm39CajJgozZ4aZwz9PNztH-WJkU_d7pnAt6VfrOPt5pn_jr84P5OZ3WY6BUTCPUIxab5Gl_B9HhrZgOEPRRt4_IKebkyr2PQ2aMGLJPf4Vu4tR2WX4olwHqPBiQpXi5P7bwMCA/w640-h640/tadian-police-station.webp" title="Tadian Police Station" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p>Tadian Police Station (Mountain Province)</p><p><br /></p><p>Say No To Drugs!</p><p>Drugs</p><p>Ends</p><p>All</p><p>Dreams</p><p><br /></p><p>Tadian Municipal Police Station Contact Details:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Twitter: @PNPTadian</li><li>Facebook: PnpmtprovinceTadian</li><li>Phone Number: 0999-676-5394</li></ul><p></p><p>You may want to read:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2022/07/tabuk-police-station.html">Tabuk Police Station</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2022/07/angeles-city-mobile-force-company.html">Angeles City Mobile Force Company</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2022/08/galimuyod-police-station.html">Galimuyod Police Station</a></li></ul><p></p>Bigwashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12735618787771477107noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69990257539071669.post-32943284545739681462022-08-01T06:07:00.005-07:002022-08-01T06:07:55.426-07:00Trafficking in persons different from Illegal Recruitment<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-kQszkyZlkn4zXB_688jrQspSPkqc9v3l_fjcnHm8sIPU-ozfNpojDMEeDMAnsRMfO_qQ38fY9hJCeMI2molmSsDDGh3l3YsE4BDy2qabzhhNjRSZ6miEuFsobkxsua6TcRBldQ__DAsMTES0krV7uqUYhiNKGBPA8k8-fXqmzKheg47qD_WodCin/s680/trafficking-in-persons-different-from.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Trafficking in persons different from Illegal Recruitment" border="0" data-original-height="680" data-original-width="680" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-kQszkyZlkn4zXB_688jrQspSPkqc9v3l_fjcnHm8sIPU-ozfNpojDMEeDMAnsRMfO_qQ38fY9hJCeMI2molmSsDDGh3l3YsE4BDy2qabzhhNjRSZ6miEuFsobkxsua6TcRBldQ__DAsMTES0krV7uqUYhiNKGBPA8k8-fXqmzKheg47qD_WodCin/w640-h640/trafficking-in-persons-different-from.webp" title="Trafficking in persons different from Illegal Recruitment" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p>How is trafficking in persons different from illegal recruitment and human smuggling?</p><p><br /></p><p>Trafficking in Persons may or may not involve coercion, fraud, deception, abuse of vulnerability, etc. Characterized by subsequent exploitation after the illegal entry of one person from one place to another or one country to another. There is a need to prove the presence of exploitation or that the recruitment was facilitated for the purpose of exploitation. Considered a human rights issue.</p><p><br /></p><p>Illegal Recruitment usually does not involve coercion but uses more deception, promises, and fraud. Characterized by facilitating the entry of one person from one country to another through an unorganized or unlicensed agency. Mere recruitment without a license is punishable, no need to prove the consequential exploitation. Considered a migration concern.</p><p><br /></p><p>Human Smuggling does not involve coercion. Characterized by facilitating for a fee, the illegal entry of a person into a foreign country. Proof of illegal entry by non-compliance with the necessary requirements for travel. Considered a migration concern.</p><p><br /></p><p>You may want to read:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2021/03/ra-10022.html">RA 10022</a></li></ul><p></p>Bigwashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12735618787771477107noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69990257539071669.post-50093829435126110482022-07-29T14:33:00.002-07:002022-08-01T06:09:56.004-07:00What is Trafficking In Persons (TIP)?<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWY-P3xblTK7eJH1i0WpKN7vY2SpFyCGux4j8Vbx3mRrEBjZ6aHzaDzDBaVQSCOVfdlcOWCp4zW89-WvJQ1Yr6XEmmVJuNanCjHFgHx4QNHuDCo_ZR9b87CTrPZ3LMyyBJqrBk9WvZZVMMukoPfzNEMqOcRojsjhL43PEDQLANqiL-gvAcu0vhSofe/s680/trafficking-in-persons.webp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Trafficking In Persons" border="0" data-original-height="680" data-original-width="680" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWY-P3xblTK7eJH1i0WpKN7vY2SpFyCGux4j8Vbx3mRrEBjZ6aHzaDzDBaVQSCOVfdlcOWCp4zW89-WvJQ1Yr6XEmmVJuNanCjHFgHx4QNHuDCo_ZR9b87CTrPZ3LMyyBJqrBk9WvZZVMMukoPfzNEMqOcRojsjhL43PEDQLANqiL-gvAcu0vhSofe/w640-h640/trafficking-in-persons.webp" title="Trafficking In Persons" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p>What is Trafficking In Persons (TIP)?</p><p><br /></p><p>Trafficking in persons is an illegal act and is considered a violation of human rights.</p><p><br /></p><p>Acts: it involves the recruitment, transportation, transfer or harboring, or receipt of persons with or without the victim's consent or knowledge, within or across national borders;</p><p><br /></p><p>Means: it is committed by use of threat, use of force, or other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or of position, taking advantage of the vulnerability of the person, or the giving or receiving of payment or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person; and</p><p><br /></p><p>Purposes: it is done for the purpose of exploitation or the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery, involuntary servitude, or the removal or sale of organs.</p><p><br /></p><p>Trafficking in Persons (TIP) is punishable under Republic Act No. 9802, otherwise known as the “Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003. </p><p><br /></p><p>Any person found guilty of committing any of the acts constituting TIP shall suffer the penalty of imprisonment of twenty (20) years and a fine of not less than one million pesos (Php 1,000,000.00) but not more than two million pesos (P2,000,000.00). </p><p><br /></p><p>If the offender is a corporation, partnership, association, club, establishment, or any juridical person, the penalty shall be imposed upon the owner, president, partner, manager, and/or any responsible officer who participated in the commission of the crime or who shall have knowingly permitted or failed to prevent its commission. </p><p><br /></p><p>The registration with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and license to operate of the erring agency, corporation, association, religious group, tour or travel agent, club or establishment, or any place of entertainment shall be canceled and revoked permanently. </p><p><br /></p><p>The owner, president, partner, or manager thereof shall not be allowed to operate similar establishments in a different name. If the offender is a foreigner, he shall be immediately deported after serving his sentence and be barred permanently from entering the country. </p><p><br /></p><p>Source: PIA Eastern Visayas via Philippine Commission on Women</p><p><br /></p><p>You may want to read:</p><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2014/05/simulation-of-births-substitution-of.html">Simulation of Births</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2022/08/trafficking-in-persons-different-from-illegal-recruitment.html">Trafficking in persons different from Illegal Recruitment</a></li></ul></div>Bigwashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12735618787771477107noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69990257539071669.post-17676387652372054442022-07-28T10:08:00.003-07:002022-08-08T12:52:59.968-07:00Pudtol Police Station<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWLAN-PZyuWMjEfxZfdMLU246c78nrJYwEuzFxWrHM6h5q32M0StAX4zhwJa1T7Un0ZJ8YXdAyLdv5XK8GroDpxIf57_hD4iTtpBI7G1tcYvA43c15TIInsfROfz8Pw-uAO2i531jBk0i0dwjoMbvWWjQl6eFZ07QNjcoh3MusnRmiaR1qBaUfa01q/s680/pudtol-police-station-apayao.webp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Pudtol Police Station" border="0" data-original-height="680" data-original-width="680" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWLAN-PZyuWMjEfxZfdMLU246c78nrJYwEuzFxWrHM6h5q32M0StAX4zhwJa1T7Un0ZJ8YXdAyLdv5XK8GroDpxIf57_hD4iTtpBI7G1tcYvA43c15TIInsfROfz8Pw-uAO2i531jBk0i0dwjoMbvWWjQl6eFZ07QNjcoh3MusnRmiaR1qBaUfa01q/w640-h640/pudtol-police-station-apayao.webp" title="Pudtol Police Station" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p>Pudtol Police Station (Apayao)</p><p><br /></p><p>Forms or Acts of Violence Against Women and Children (VAWC)</p><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Physical Violence</li><li>Sexual Violence</li><li>Psychological Violence</li><li>Economic Abuse</li></ol><p></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Pudtol Municipal Police Station Contact Details:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Facebook: PnpApayaoPudtol</li><li>Twitter: PnpApayaoPudtol</li><li>Phone: 0935-231-2948</li></ul><p></p><p><br /></p><p>You may want to read:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2022/07/be-pnp-dental-officer.html">Be a PNP Dental Officer</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2022/07/tabuk-police-station.html">Tabuk Police Station</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2022/08/tadian-police-station.html">Tadian Police Station</a></li></ul><p></p>Bigwashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12735618787771477107noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69990257539071669.post-29649582041479484212022-07-28T06:42:00.002-07:002022-07-28T10:10:08.392-07:00Tayum Police Station<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjntGl4RnhV3EsWTbFp9uarVRT88sZtjL-cpfd531Xqpi2ZrsCtP0AGKQE8hSHWE4485gdaLaJTfc_fX6pp4ZGIShtg3HC_ont_PPatcl-GSicaB1VOb0X7pZeNX29pNPUjpubRl9XDrigf2Fl-fFFdSE8N14Sku4qkDWwlpSohD2rostNoCwisX9jw/s680/tayum-police-station.webp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Tayum Police Station" border="0" data-original-height="340" data-original-width="680" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjntGl4RnhV3EsWTbFp9uarVRT88sZtjL-cpfd531Xqpi2ZrsCtP0AGKQE8hSHWE4485gdaLaJTfc_fX6pp4ZGIShtg3HC_ont_PPatcl-GSicaB1VOb0X7pZeNX29pNPUjpubRl9XDrigf2Fl-fFFdSE8N14Sku4qkDWwlpSohD2rostNoCwisX9jw/w640-h320/tayum-police-station.webp" title="Tayum Police Station" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p>Tayum Police Station (Abra)</p><p><br /></p><blockquote><p>"While driving, don't use your phone, Your death will leave your family alone."</p></blockquote><p><br /></p><p>Tayum Municipal Police Station Contact Details:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Address: Poblacion, Tayum, Abra</li><li>Facebook: PnpAbraTayum</li><li>Phone 0915-889-9866</li><li>Twitter: @PnpAbraTayum</li></ul><p></p><p><br /></p><p>You may want to read:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2022/07/angeles-city-mobile-force-company.html">Angeles City Mobile Force Company</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2022/07/tuy-police-station.html">Tuy Police Station</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2022/07/pudtol-police-station.html">Pudtol Police Station</a></li></ul><p></p><div><br /></div>Bigwashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12735618787771477107noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69990257539071669.post-55569460959165708692022-07-24T03:03:00.002-07:002022-07-28T06:43:21.562-07:00Tabuk Police Station<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin0TvWx8u7kyl2vo2vo3yDMXGm1ihph2gBPWcu8-rCFgX0LvAtpB2-KvoD330HiyrIDcoT7n9gtp89qXL0umQ-cE_WQCwUx9_kgqwgtBpKCEemWzE6VtCI-PcSsZK1HGEmYo1pbdm5TgKJP1xuQUnGxaQeuzkuhrQURLCYUSjojE0zJvrm5OQPgE4q/s680/tabuk-police-station.webp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Tabuk Police Station" border="0" data-original-height="680" data-original-width="680" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin0TvWx8u7kyl2vo2vo3yDMXGm1ihph2gBPWcu8-rCFgX0LvAtpB2-KvoD330HiyrIDcoT7n9gtp89qXL0umQ-cE_WQCwUx9_kgqwgtBpKCEemWzE6VtCI-PcSsZK1HGEmYo1pbdm5TgKJP1xuQUnGxaQeuzkuhrQURLCYUSjojE0zJvrm5OQPgE4q/w640-h640/tabuk-police-station.webp" title="Tabuk Police Station" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p><b>Tabuk Police Station</b></p><p><br /></p><p>Prevent Business Robbery</p><p>1. Control your flow of cash. Install a drop safe for large bills, post limited cash signs, use secured services to make bank deposits, and never count money when the store is open.</p><p>2. Keep your back door and storerooms locked at all times, and install an alarm or video monitoring security system.</p><p>3. To deter criminals, keep your business clean and orderly and use bright lights at the entrance, in the store, and in parking lots.</p><p>4. Increase visibility in your business with lower shelves, mirrors to monitor all entrances, and limited external signs.</p><p>5. Use fences and landscaping to limit quick access to and from your business.</p><p>6. You are part of the community in which your business is located. Offer incentives to attract desired clientele especially when open in the late evening and early morning hours.</p><p>7. Train your employees on how to behave during a robbery and other such safety measures as greeting all customers and establishing eye contact.</p><p><br /></p><p><b>Tabuk City Police Station Contact Details:</b></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Facebook: PNPTabukCity</li><li>Twitter: PNPKalingaTabuk</li><li>Phone: 0908-900-0900</li></ul><p></p><p><br /></p><p>Related:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2022/07/tuy-police-station.html">Tuy Police Station</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2022/07/general-luna-police-station-quezon.html">General Luna Police Station</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2022/07/tayum-police-station.html">Tayum Police Station</a></li></ul><p></p>Bigwashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12735618787771477107noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69990257539071669.post-61549019829971175912022-07-23T04:05:00.002-07:002022-07-23T04:05:40.412-07:00Be a PNP Dental Officer<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1PjsSSfnAvZVeJ9xZsXUIncPvEhLYzoTl3B3-pklSu6uPDtjXozlIQuLqeBJ6lU5KzubRXgxEPPSOKz9tsN2Gu3A9zM_bzfqaCvJ4Uz3EZXCK2GDP3dGNkiwFpKMteIWgZjTQGUGycvU-TkOWeakmApew3lwMwWbbr6fhgG0b46MfLnIKdL7GD2FU/s680/pnp-dental-officer.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="pnp dental officer" border="0" data-original-height="680" data-original-width="680" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1PjsSSfnAvZVeJ9xZsXUIncPvEhLYzoTl3B3-pklSu6uPDtjXozlIQuLqeBJ6lU5KzubRXgxEPPSOKz9tsN2Gu3A9zM_bzfqaCvJ4Uz3EZXCK2GDP3dGNkiwFpKMteIWgZjTQGUGycvU-TkOWeakmApew3lwMwWbbr6fhgG0b46MfLnIKdL7GD2FU/w640-h640/pnp-dental-officer.webp" title="Be a PNP Dental Officer" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p>Be a PNP Dental Officer of Police Regional Office 3!</p><p><br /></p><p>General Qualifications;</p><p>1. Must be a Filipino citizen;</p><p>2. Must be a graduate of Doctor of Dental Medicine</p><p>3. Must be a Board Exam passer;</p><p>4. Physically and Mentally Fit;</p><p>5. Not more than 30 years old for civilian applicants and 46 years old for PNP in-service applicants;</p><p>6. Must have relevant experience and training.</p><p><br /></p><p>Source: Philippine Information Agency Region III (@PIA_RIII)</p><p><br /></p><p>For Inquiries: Email/Call</p><p>Email: olivas_dentaltres@yahoo.com</p><p>Phone: (045) 435-1997</p><p><br /></p><p>Related:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2014/12/dental-technologist-schools-in-the-philippines_17.html">Dental Technologist Schools in the Philippines</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2019/12/dental-technologist-licensure-examination-results.html">Dental Technologist Licensure Examination Results</a></li></ul><p></p>Bigwashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12735618787771477107noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69990257539071669.post-91088351509477860512022-07-23T01:18:00.006-07:002022-07-24T03:04:43.695-07:00Angeles City Mobile Force Company<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh6DKLxXwVaGgByflGP1y5BSsKBUUhQoE02jc2vjqjhj1m7J_lxFCIwD4Lfx9037W7Nr4JOwfZsSZD9_H139vqLR6uLRvDbeHQRTvd9RD2mRWYLHUOCbqCTD0l75gVe8CjEao7h0HuYvd_vHObfvPw4CxbFjp1do558BB371affwHdHS-niMszccZ3/s680/angeles-city-mobile-force-company.webp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Angeles City Mobile Force Company" border="0" data-original-height="340" data-original-width="680" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh6DKLxXwVaGgByflGP1y5BSsKBUUhQoE02jc2vjqjhj1m7J_lxFCIwD4Lfx9037W7Nr4JOwfZsSZD9_H139vqLR6uLRvDbeHQRTvd9RD2mRWYLHUOCbqCTD0l75gVe8CjEao7h0HuYvd_vHObfvPw4CxbFjp1do558BB371affwHdHS-niMszccZ3/w640-h320/angeles-city-mobile-force-company.webp" title="Angeles City Mobile Force Company" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p>Angeles City Mobile Force Company</p><p><br /></p><p>Crime Prevention Tips</p><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Iwasan ang paglabas ng bahay lalo na kung gabi.</li><li>Hanggat maaari iwasan ang pakikipag inuman at pakikipagtalo sa ibang tao.</li><li>Makiramdam sa anumang pangyayari sa kapaligiran.</li><li>Maging alerto maging sa loob at labas ng bahay.</li><li>Kung may mga krimen at pangyayari sa inyong mga lugar, ipagbigay alam sa pinakamalapit na himpilan ng pulisya.</li><li>Tumawag sa PNP Hotline na kaakibat ng mga paalalang ito.</li></ol><p></p><p><br /></p><p>Address: 241 Apo Road, Angeles, Pampanga, Philippines.</p><p>Phone: 0992-853-2207</p><p><br /></p><p>You may want to read:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2022/07/general-luna-police-station-quezon.html">General Luna Police Station</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2022/07/benguet-1st-provincial-mobile-force.html">Benguet 1st Provincial Mobile Force</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2022/07/tabuk-police-station.html">Tabuk Police Station</a></li></ul><p></p>Bigwashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12735618787771477107noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69990257539071669.post-1902212939028473882022-07-21T01:50:00.006-07:002022-07-23T01:20:06.097-07:00Tuy Police Station <p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTY4cD8QqZK307MxLwNLYxyzPIrYCiBb_-MGpCGy0i4YdiqXgh9bxWzRm3sn3bPWnnA7fpnHicimLGvzPxZ43TQtJUDuGSUltFfL0qmGwIDx-Q0bpJU5Gkujqv9fBFJWg_xJJHhmdd0rPFWuLj0RsCsHoe2g622n7Y0-a8ABHGHuBgCyDg2XZTgCsw/s680/tuy-police-station.webp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Tuy Police Station" border="0" data-original-height="340" data-original-width="680" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTY4cD8QqZK307MxLwNLYxyzPIrYCiBb_-MGpCGy0i4YdiqXgh9bxWzRm3sn3bPWnnA7fpnHicimLGvzPxZ43TQtJUDuGSUltFfL0qmGwIDx-Q0bpJU5Gkujqv9fBFJWg_xJJHhmdd0rPFWuLj0RsCsHoe2g622n7Y0-a8ABHGHuBgCyDg2XZTgCsw/w640-h320/tuy-police-station.webp" title="Tuy Police Station" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p>Tuy Police Station (Batangas)</p><p><br /></p><p>Tuy Municipal Police Station is located at Gomez corner Luna Street, Tuy, Batangas 4214.</p><p><br /></p><p>Contact Details:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Email: tuymps@yahoo.com</li><li>Phone: 0915-899-1931</li></ul><p></p><p><br /></p><p>You may want to read:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2022/07/itogon-police-station.html">Itogon Police Station</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2022/07/benguet-1st-provincial-mobile-force.html">Benguet 1st Provincial Mobile Force Company</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2022/07/angeles-city-mobile-force-company.html">Angeles City Mobile Force Company</a></li></ul><p></p>Bigwashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12735618787771477107noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69990257539071669.post-55392124276708242652022-07-15T00:41:00.003-07:002022-07-21T01:51:50.081-07:00General Luna Police Station<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio3-wPjyf3v2F8OKF424A78sDjw26PFL52txWktWC1o4xB1S9XaW6DLcEE9VJnl2GHgjcbz_WH7rQVrGj1gkIqiVu3acz4gJLj_nNcGQrvmfQVZgu_C4N9lsGPhPx1E4EttAoDiL8hxQXzi3Dqp9o8xjGkN35TCUntk37_j-LP9H7I82pAau-O6Ni0/s680/general-luna-police-station-quezon.webp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="General Luna Police Station" border="0" data-original-height="680" data-original-width="680" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio3-wPjyf3v2F8OKF424A78sDjw26PFL52txWktWC1o4xB1S9XaW6DLcEE9VJnl2GHgjcbz_WH7rQVrGj1gkIqiVu3acz4gJLj_nNcGQrvmfQVZgu_C4N9lsGPhPx1E4EttAoDiL8hxQXzi3Dqp9o8xjGkN35TCUntk37_j-LP9H7I82pAau-O6Ni0/w640-h640/general-luna-police-station-quezon.webp" title="General Luna Police Station" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p>General Luna Police Station (Quezon)</p><p><br /></p><blockquote><p>Anong maaaring gawin ng isang biktima ng panggagahasa?</p><p><br /></p><p>Agad na magsumbong sa opisyal ng barangay, sa opisina ng Municipal Social Worker and Development, o pumunta sa pinakamalapit na himpilan ng pulisya sa lugar.</p></blockquote><p><br /></p><p>General Luna Municipal Police Station Contact Details:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Facebook: genlunampsqppo</li><li>Twitter: generalluna_mps</li><li>Instagram: general_luna_mps</li><li>Hotline Number: 0909-932-6852</li></ul><p></p><p><br /></p><p>You may want to read:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2021/07/dingras-police-station.html">Dingras Police Station</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2021/04/sadanga-police-station.html">Sadanga Police Station</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bigwas.com/2022/07/tuy-police-station.html">Tuy Police Station</a></li></ul><p></p><div><br /></div>Bigwashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12735618787771477107noreply@blogger.com0